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| JNNURM | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission |
| Abbreviation | JNNURM |
| Launched | 2005 |
| Country | India |
| Ministry | Ministry of Urban Development |
| Status | Closed (phased completion) |
JNNURM
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission was a major urban modernization initiative launched in 2005 to upgrade infrastructure and service delivery in Indian cities. It sought to promote urban governance reforms, financing mechanisms, and capacity building across large municipalities such as Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Bangalore, aligning with national programs like NREGA and international initiatives such as the Millennium Development Goals. The mission intersected with planning frameworks exemplified by the Twelfth Five Year Plan and policy debates involving institutions like the Reserve Bank of India and World Bank.
JNNURM was announced during the tenure of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and coordinated with the Planning Commission (India) to address urban infrastructure deficits in metropolises including Hyderabad, Pune, Ahmedabad, Surat and Jaipur. Objectives emphasized reform of municipal finance influenced by precedents from Greater London Authority and policy instruments similar to the Smart Cities Mission and AMRUT (mission). It prioritized slum rehabilitation comparable to efforts in Dharavi and sanitation interventions linked to campaigns such as the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and international standards promoted by UN-Habitat.
The mission comprised sub-missions and schemes modeled on institutional examples like the Municipal Corporation of Delhi reforms, including Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG), Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP), and Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP). Projects echoed practices from the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation in transit-oriented investments and mirrored asset monetization approaches seen in Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority. Technical assistance for projects drew on expertise from Asian Development Bank, United Nations Development Programme, and academic inputs from institutions such as Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and Tata Institute of Social Sciences.
Implementation involved selected mission cities and special category cities including Kochi, Bhopal, Lucknow, Indore, Chandigarh and Thiruvananthapuram. State agencies like the Karnataka State Finance Commission, Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority, and city bodies such as the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation executed projects. Partnerships included public sector undertakings such as Central Public Works Department and private actors like Larsen & Toubro and GMR Group in public-private delivery, while judicial oversight in some cases referenced interventions by the Supreme Court of India and high courts.
Financing blended central grants, state contributions, and municipal allocations with instruments informed by fiscal frameworks promoted by the Finance Commission (India) and regulatory norms from the Securities and Exchange Board of India. Mechanisms included viability gap funding similar to models used by National Highways Authority of India and urban bonds inspired by municipal finance practices in New York City and London. Projects leveraged resources from bilateral partners such as Japan International Cooperation Agency and multilateral lenders like the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.
Governance reforms required city-level institutions to adopt measures comparable to those in Panchayati Raj Institutions reforms and to professionalize municipal administrations following examples set by Greater Chennai Corporation and Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. Capacity building engaged training partners such as the National Institute of Urban Affairs, Indian Institute of Public Administration, and international consultants tied to UN-Habitat and World Bank programs. Reforms sought to strengthen transparency and accountability drawing on models like the Right to Information Act implementation and e-governance experiments inspired by Digital India initiatives.
JNNURM financed investments in water supply, sewerage, roads, and housing across cities including Kolkata Municipal Corporation and Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, enabling projects such as urban renewal in Bandra and transit upgrades comparable to the Chennai MRTS. It catalyzed institutional changes in some municipalities echoing reform trajectories seen in Surat and Pune, influenced municipal bond issuances by cities following templates used by Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority, and contributed to policy learning adopted in subsequent programs like the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation.
Critics including scholars from Jawaharlal Nehru University, Institute for Human Development, and Centre for Policy Research noted uneven outcomes and implementation gaps in cities such as Kolkata and Bhopal, concerns over slum rehabilitation comparisons to projects in Dharavi, and disputes over land pooling reminiscent of controversies around the Delhi Development Authority. Challenges involved coordination between state agencies like the State Urban Development Authorities and municipal corporations, fiscal sustainability questioned by analysts at the Reserve Bank of India, and accountability issues raised by civil society groups such as ActionAid and Habitat International Coalition. Lessons informed reforms in later initiatives including Smart Cities Mission and policy recommendations by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission.
Category:Urban development in India