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| Information Systems and Services | |
|---|---|
| Name | Information Systems and Services |
Information Systems and Services provide, manage, and maintain collections of information technology resources and data infrastructures used by organizations, institutions, and enterprises to support operations, decision-making, and services. They intersect with practices from International Organization for Standardization, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, National Institute of Standards and Technology, European Commission and with tools developed by vendors such as Microsoft, Amazon (company), Google, Oracle Corporation. Implementation and oversight often involve actors like United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, United States Department of Defense, European Space Agency.
Information Systems and Services encompass systems built by teams influenced by frameworks including ITIL, COBIT, TOGAF, PRINCE2, Agile software development and standards from ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 20000, ISO/IEC 12207. Stakeholders commonly include entities such as Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, Carnegie Mellon University and vendors such as IBM, Cisco Systems, SAP SE, Salesforce. Funding, procurement, and regulatory compliance draw on directives from bodies like the European Parliament, United States Congress, Food and Drug Administration, Securities and Exchange Commission, Federal Communications Commission.
Common categories map to typologies used by practitioners and academics at institutions including Bell Labs, Xerox PARC, AT&T, Bellcore: transactional systems used in Walmart and Amazon (company), management information systems adopted by McKinsey & Company and Boston Consulting Group, decision support systems used by Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan Chase, executive information systems utilized by corporations such as General Electric and Siemens, and enterprise resource planning systems from SAP SE and Oracle Corporation. Other types include customer relationship management systems by Salesforce and Oracle Corporation, geographic information systems used by Esri and agencies like NASA, and knowledge management systems applied at Google and Microsoft.
Architectures draw from research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, University of California, Berkeley and standards bodies such as Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and Internet Engineering Task Force. Core components include hardware platforms from Dell Technologies and Hewlett Packard Enterprise, networking equipment by Cisco Systems and Juniper Networks, database systems from Oracle Corporation and MongoDB, Inc., middleware developed by Red Hat and IBM, and user interfaces built with frameworks from Google and Microsoft. Architectural patterns reference work by Martin Fowler, Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson and employ models such as client–server, service-oriented architecture advocated by SOA Consortium and microservices inspired by Netflix and Amazon Web Services.
Development methodologies include Agile software development, Scrum (software development), Extreme Programming, and lifecycle models described in IEEE 829 and ISO/IEC 12207. Implementation projects reference case studies from Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Toyota Motor Corporation, Procter & Gamble and involve procurement processes resembling those used by United Nations Development Programme and World Bank. Tools and platforms cited include GitHub, Jenkins, Docker, Kubernetes, and cloud providers such as Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform. Integration often relies on standards from the World Wide Web Consortium and protocols like HTTP and SOAP.
Governance draws on frameworks such as ITIL, COBIT and compliance regimes from General Data Protection Regulation, Sarbanes–Oxley Act, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. Organizational roles appear in structures at Accenture, Deloitte (organization), PricewaterhouseCoopers, including CIOs, CTOs and roles defined in publications from Harvard Business Review and MIT Sloan Management Review. Risk management practices align with guidance from Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission; audits reference standards from American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
Security architectures reference work by Bruce Schneier, Whitfield Diffie, Martin Hellman, and cryptographic standards by National Institute of Standards and Technology and Internet Engineering Task Force. Implementations employ technologies from Symantec, McAfee, Palo Alto Networks and protocols such as TLS and IPsec. Privacy practices follow regulations like General Data Protection Regulation and laws administered by bodies such as the European Data Protection Board and Federal Trade Commission. Incident response and forensics draw on methodologies used by National Institute of Standards and Technology, SANS Institute, and cases such as breaches at Target Corporation, Equifax, Yahoo! informing improvement.
Information Systems and Services power applications across sectors with deployments at JPMorgan Chase for finance, Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson for pharmaceuticals, UnitedHealth Group and Mayo Clinic for healthcare, Boeing and Airbus for aerospace, Walmart and Alibaba Group for retail, ExxonMobil and Shell plc for energy, Netflix and Disney for media. Public sector implementations reference projects by NASA, European Space Agency, United States Postal Service, National Health Service (England), and Department of Defense (United States). Research and development involving CERN, Bell Labs, MIT Lincoln Laboratory inform emerging applications such as Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, blockchain pilots in banking and supply chains, and edge computing architectures used by companies like Microsoft and Amazon (company).
Category:Information technology