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| ISO 1940-1 | |
|---|---|
| Title | ISO 1940-1 |
| Status | Published |
| Year | 1986 |
| Organization | International Organization for Standardization |
| Language | English |
ISO 1940-1 is an international standard specifying balance quality requirements for rotors and rotating machinery. It provides classification criteria, measurement procedures, and correction methods used in engineering practice across industries such as Siemens, General Electric, Rolls-Royce Holdings, ABB Group, and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. The standard is applied by designers, manufacturers, and testing organizations including TÜV SÜD, British Standards Institution, DIN, ASTM International, and JISC.
ISO 1940-1 defines balance quality classes and permissible residual unbalance for rigid rotors used in equipment produced by companies like Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Hitachi, Boeing, Airbus, and Lockheed Martin. It is intended for application in contexts such as turbines operated by ExxonMobil, compressors used by Shell plc, and generators supplied to Électricité de France. The standard guides acceptance criteria applied by inspection bodies such as Lloyd's Register and Bureau Veritas and informs contractual specifications between manufacturers like Caterpillar Inc. and end-users including Siemens Energy.
ISO 1940-1 establishes terms and definitions for key quantities—unbalance, residual unbalance, balance quality grade—that are referenced by organizations such as IEC, IEEE, ASM International, ASME, and SAE International. It defines mathematical symbols consistent with practices used by researchers at institutions like Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, Imperial College London, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, and ETH Zurich. The glossary distinguishes rigid rotor behavior relevant to manufacturers such as SKF and Timken from flexible rotor phenomena studied in laboratories at NASA and CNES.
The standard prescribes balance quality grades (G values) and permissible residual unbalance as functions of rotational speed and rotating mass, concepts adopted by firms including ABB, Bosch, General Motors, Toyota, and Ford Motor Company. It provides numerical limits used in procurement by power companies like National Grid plc and PG&E and in quality control by aerospace suppliers such as Safran and GE Aviation. The grades are applied when assessing rotors destined for installations at sites like Three Gorges Dam, Boca de Jaruco, Fukushima Daiichi, and Drax Power Station.
ISO 1940-1 describes single-plane and two-plane balancing measurements, procedures followed by test houses like Intertek, SGS S.A., Applus+, and university facilities at University of Cambridge, MIT, and Tsinghua University. It references measurement instruments produced by companies such as Bruel & Kjaer, HBM, GE Measurement & Control, and National Instruments. Test methods align with vibration analysis techniques employed in projects by BP, Chevron, TotalEnergies, and Eni and with modal testing campaigns undertaken by research centers including Fraunhofer Society and CEA.
The standard specifies vector and scalar calculation procedures for determining correction masses and balance plane positions, used by software vendors like ANSYS, Siemens Digital Industries Software, Dassault Systèmes, and MathWorks. Correction methods include drilling, adding masses, and adjusting components—practices employed by workshops such as MTU Aero Engines and Pratt & Whitney—and modeled in engineering curricula at University of Oxford and Caltech. Algorithms compatible with finite element analyses carried out by teams at ETH Zurich, Politecnico di Milano, and Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology are consistent with the standard's calculation frameworks.
Designers integrate the standard into rotor dynamic specifications for products from Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, Vestas, GE Renewable Energy, Mitsubishi Power, and marine propulsion systems built by ABB Marine and Wärtsilä. Maintenance organizations such as GE Vernova Services, Siemens Energy Services, Shell Global Solutions, and Schlumberger apply the balance quality grades during overhaul, in-service monitoring, and condition-based maintenance guided by practices in ISO 9001-certified facilities and fleet operators including Maersk and Carnival Corporation & plc.
ISO 1940-1 originated from national standards in Germany, United Kingdom, United States, and Japan with contributions from committees that included representatives from DIN, BSI, ANSI, and JISC. Revisions trace a lineage through earlier standards such as those issued by AGMA, AGMA 6011, and national bodies like AFNOR and SABS. The standard influenced and was harmonized with documents from IEC and ASME during reviews involving stakeholders including IACS, CEN, and industrial consortia such as SIPRO.
Category:Standards