INDUS-2

INDUS-2
Name	INDUS-2
Location	Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Type	Synchrotron radiation facility
Energy	2.5 GeV
Injection	700 MeV booster synchrotron
Circumference	172 m
Commissioning	2004
Operators	Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology

INDUS-2 INDUS-2 is a 2.5 GeV electron storage ring located at the Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology in Indore, Madhya Pradesh. The facility produces synchrotron radiation used by researchers from national laboratories, universities, and industry across India and international collaborators. It supports investigations spanning condensed matter, materials science, chemistry, biology, and engineering through a suite of beamlines and experimental stations.

Overview

INDUS-2 is a medium-energy synchrotron radiation source designed to deliver high-brightness X-ray and ultraviolet beams for spectroscopy, diffraction, and imaging. The project was developed by Indian scientific institutions and interlinks with institutions such as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, the Indian Institute of Science, and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. The storage ring is complemented by a booster synchrotron and injector systems enabling user access similar to international facilities like the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, the Advanced Photon Source, and SPring-8. INDUS-2 serves as a national user facility attracting researchers from institutions including the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, and the Indian Institute of Technology Madras.

History and Development

Conceptualization began in the 1980s with participation from Indian agencies and international advisors. Key milestones involved design reviews, civil construction at the Indore site, magnet procurement, and vacuum system commissioning with contributions from laboratories such as the Atomic Energy Commission and academic partners like the University of Mumbai. The machine reached initial circulation and commissioning phases in the early 2000s, followed by progressive beam current upgrades and beamline installations funded through national science programs and technology initiatives. Collaborations and training exchanges included laboratories such as CERN, the Paul Scherrer Institute, and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility which provided technical benchmarks and expertise during development.

Technical Specifications

The storage ring operates at an electron beam energy of 2.5 GeV with a circumference of approximately 172 meters and a beam emittance optimized for synchrotron radiation brightness. The injector chain incorporates a 700 MeV booster synchrotron delivering electrons from an electron gun and linear accelerator components similar in function to systems at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and KEK. Lattice design utilizes bending magnets, quadrupoles, and sextupoles to control optics parameters, chromaticity, and dynamic aperture, with vacuum chambers, RF cavities, and feedback systems maintaining beam stability as practiced at facilities like Diamond Light Source and Max IV. Instrumentation includes beam position monitors, current transformers, and insertion devices such as wigglers and undulators to tailor photon energy ranges comparable to those at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center and the Canadian Light Source.

Beamlines and Experimental Facilities

Beamlines installed at the facility provide a range of photon energies and experimental methods including X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, and imaging. Endstations host equipment for protein crystallography used by structural biology groups at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory and cold-field emission sources akin to those at the Advanced Light Source. Beamline instruments support experiments by researchers from institutions such as the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, the National Chemical Laboratory, and the Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, while sample environments include cryostats, high-temperature furnaces, and in situ reaction chambers inspired by setups at the Max Planck Institute and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

Research Applications and Achievements

Research carried out using the facility spans materials characterization for semiconductors and nanostructures, catalysis studies relevant to industrial partners, and macromolecular crystallography that contributed to structural models deposited by teams affiliated with the National Institute of Immunology and other universities. Notable outcomes include studies of thin films and multilayers comparable to work at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, investigations into battery materials analogous to research at Argonne National Laboratory, and environmental science applications similar to campaigns at the National Synchrotron Light Source. Collaborative publications have involved authors from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, and international groups from institutions such as the University of Cambridge and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Operations and Upgrades

Routine operations involve scheduling user cycles, maintaining accelerator subsystems, and implementing upgrades to beamline optics, control electronics, and insertion devices. Upgrade paths have considered enhancements to increase stored current, reduce emittance, and add new insertion devices, paralleling modernization efforts undertaken at facilities like Soleil, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, and the Swiss Light Source. Training programs and technical exchanges with laboratories including Fermilab, DESY, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology support staff development and commissioning of new capabilities. Future plans examined by the operating organization include expanded user access, additional beamlines, and detector modernization to keep pace with evolving experimental techniques seen at flagship synchrotron centers.

Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced TechnologyIndoreMadhya PradeshBhabha Atomic Research CentreIndian Institute of ScienceCouncil of Scientific and Industrial ResearchTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchIndian Institute of Technology BombayIndian Institute of Technology MadrasEuropean Synchrotron Radiation FacilityAdvanced Photon SourceSPring-8CERNPaul Scherrer InstituteAtomic Energy CommissionUniversity of MumbaiTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchSLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryKEKDiamond Light SourceMax IVNational Synchrotron Radiation Research CenterCanadian Light SourceDiamond Light SourceMax Planck InstituteLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchNational Chemical LaboratoryInstitute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyStanford Synchrotron Radiation LightsourceArgonne National LaboratoryNational Synchrotron Light SourceNational Institute of ImmunologyIndian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology KharagpurUniversity of CambridgeMassachusetts Institute of TechnologySoleilPohang Accelerator LaboratorySwiss Light SourceFermilabDESYNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyRaja RamannaIndore Junction