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| Hurricane Nadine (2012) | |
|---|---|
| Name | Nadine |
| Type | Hurricane |
| Year | 2012 |
| Basin | Atlantic |
| Formed | September 10, 2012 |
| Dissipated | October 4, 2012 |
| 1-min winds | 85 |
| Pressure | 980 |
| Fatalities | 3–7 total |
| Areas | Azores, Iberian Peninsula, Madeira, Canary Islands, United Kingdom |
| Season | 2012 Atlantic hurricane season |
Hurricane Nadine (2012) was an unusually long-lived and erratic tropical cyclone of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season that spent nearly a month over the eastern Atlantic. Originating from a shortwave trough near the Azores and later influenced by the Azores High, Nadine underwent multiple cycles of weakening and re-intensification while tracking near the Azores and eventually affecting parts of the Iberian Peninsula, Madeira, and United Kingdom. The storm's longevity, interactions with mid-latitude systems such as the North Atlantic Oscillation and extratropical cyclone transitions, and resulting maritime impacts made it notable to agencies including the National Hurricane Center, Met Office, and Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera.
Nadine developed from a non-tropical low associated with a shortwave trough that moved eastward from near Bermuda toward the eastern North Atlantic before consolidating into a tropical depression on September 10, 2012, as analyzed by the National Hurricane Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Met Office. Over subsequent days the system strengthened into a tropical storm while influenced by sea surface temperatures near the Gulf Stream, the position of the Azores High, and vertical wind shear associated with the jet stream; operational advisories and post-storm analyses by the National Hurricane Center documented fluctuations in intensity. Nadine reached hurricane strength on September 14, 2012, under a transient upper-level anticyclone often monitored by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and GFS model ensembles, then weakened to a tropical storm and later to a remnant low as it encountered cooler waters and increased wind shear near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the cold-air outbreaks linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation. The cyclone re-developed tropical characteristics twice, with re-intensification episodes tracked by the National Hurricane Center, Met Office, and Hydrometeorological Service of Portugal through September and early October before finally becoming extratropical and merging with a frontal system south of the British Isles.
Watches and warnings were issued by regional authorities including the Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera for the Azores and by the Met Office for the United Kingdom, while maritime advisories came from the National Hurricane Center, Maritime Safety Agency, and shipping interests such as the International Maritime Organization. Local governments in the Azores and Madeira coordinated with civil protection agencies and ferry operators like Portos dos Açores and airlines including TAP Air Portugal to adjust schedules, and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution monitored coastal risks off the United Kingdom and Ireland. Offshore energy operators, including companies active on North Atlantic platforms and the European Space Agency satellite networks that provide sea-state data, adjusted operations based on forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Impacts were largely maritime and coastal: high seas and swells influenced shipping routes tracked by the International Maritime Organization and caused localized flooding and coastal erosion documented by regional authorities in the Azores, Madeira, and along portions of the Iberian Peninsula monitored by the Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera and the Spanish State Meteorological Agency (AEMET). The storm contributed to several fatalities linked to marine incidents and rough surf reported by the Garda Síochána in Ireland and by local emergency services in the Azores; infrastructure and agriculture impacts prompted responses from regional governments and relief coordination involving the European Commission's civil protection mechanism. Insurance claims and post-storm assessments engaged entities such as the Association for British Insurers and reanalysis by the National Hurricane Center informed improvements to forecasting and warnings used by agencies including the Met Office and AEMET.
Nadine was notable for its exceptional longevity and repeated transitions between tropical, subtropical, and extratropical states documented in the annual report of the National Hurricane Center for the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm's duration placed it among the longest-lived Atlantic tropical cyclones in the satellite era alongside systems such as Hurricane Ginger (1971) and Hurricane Katrina (2005) in longevity comparisons performed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NOAA researchers. Its erratic track and multiple regenerations contributed to studies published by institutions like the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research and National Center for Atmospheric Research on tropical-extratropical interactions, the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation, and predictability challenges faced by numerical models such as the ECMWF and GFS.
The name assigned to the system, part of the World Meteorological Organization's Atlantic naming list maintained by the National Hurricane Center and World Meteorological Organization Regional Association IV, was not retired after the 2012 season and remained on the rotating list used in subsequent seasons. Naming practices and potential retirement decisions were considered by the WMO in consultation with affected member nations including Portugal and Spain, but Nadine did not meet the threshold for retirement established by those WMO conventions.
- 2012 Atlantic hurricane season - List of longest-lasting Atlantic tropical cyclones - Hurricane Ginger - North Atlantic Oscillation - National Hurricane Center