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| Hot Big Bang | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hot Big Bang |
| Epoch | Primordial Epochs |
| Originator | Alexander Friedmann, Georges Lemaître |
| Key people | George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, Robert Herman, Edwin Hubble |
| Related | Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang nucleosynthesis, Inflation (cosmology) |
Hot Big Bang The Hot Big Bang is the standard cosmological description of an early hot, dense phase of the universe from which the present expanding universe evolved. It synthesizes observational results from Edwin Hubble, theoretical frameworks from Albert Einstein and Alexander Friedmann, and predictions tested by experiments associated with Penzias and Wilson, COBE, WMAP, and Planck (spacecraft). The model underlies modern research programs at institutions such as CERN, Fermilab, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, and Kavli Institute for Cosmology.
The Hot Big Bang denotes a cosmological epoch characterized by high temperature and density, described by solutions to the Einstein field equations developed by Alexander Friedmann and refined by Georges Lemaître, embedded within the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric and framed by observational surveys like those from Hubble Space Telescope, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Dark Energy Survey, and Gaia (spacecraft). Core predictions include a thermal relic known as the Cosmic microwave background radiation identified by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson, primordial abundances predicted by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, and Robert Herman, and large-scale structure formation influenced by dark components studied by Vera Rubin, Fritz Zwicky, Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess, and Brian Schmidt.
Origins trace to solutions by Alexander Friedmann and theoretical proposals by Georges Lemaître, who linked predictions to astronomical redshifts measured by Edwin Hubble and catalogs like the Messier catalog and New General Catalogue. Theoretical maturation involved contributions from Arthur Eddington, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Albert Einstein, and later numerical work at Princeton University, Cambridge University, Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and University of Chicago. Empirical confirmation advanced via Penzias and Wilson discovery, interpreted by Robert Dicke and Jim Peebles; cosmochemical tests by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, and observational spectroscopy by Fred Hoyle; and precision mapping by COBE, WMAP, and Planck (spacecraft) supported by teams at NASA, ESA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Caltech.
Key evidence includes the Cosmic microwave background radiation anisotropies mapped by COBE, Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, Planck (spacecraft), and ground arrays like Atacama Cosmology Telescope and South Pole Telescope; primordial light-element abundances measured in quasar absorption systems studied by groups at European Southern Observatory and Keck Observatory; galaxy redshift surveys such as Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, and Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey that reveal baryon acoustic oscillations linked to early plasma physics modeled in work by Jim Peebles and Wayne Hu. Gravitational lensing studies from Hubble Space Telescope and Subaru Telescope, Type Ia supernova programs led by teams at Supernova Cosmology Project and High-Z Supernova Search Team constrain expansion history; particle-physics constraints arise from accelerator experiments at CERN, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
The Hot Big Bang is framed by general relativity via the Friedmann equations and thermal quantum field theory developments from Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger, and Steven Weinberg. Extensions incorporate Inflation (cosmology) models proposed by Alan Guth, refined by Andrei Linde, Paul Steinhardt, and Andrzej Starobinsky, and integrate dark-sector physics invoking candidates from Weakly interacting massive particle proposals investigated at Large Hadron Collider and axion models associated with Frank Wilczek and Roberto Peccei. Cosmological parameter estimation employs statistical approaches by Max Tegmark, Neta Bahcall, David Spergel, and Wendy Freedman.
Primordial nucleosynthesis predictions—Big Bang nucleosynthesis—were pioneered by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, and Robert Herman and later elaborated by Gary Steigman and Brian Fields. Calculations depend on weak-interaction rates derived from work by Enrico Fermi and neutron lifetime measurements from laboratories at NIST and ILL (Institut Laue–Langevin). Observational comparisons use deuterium, helium-3, helium-4, and lithium-7 abundances measured by teams at Keck Observatory, Very Large Telescope, and Arecibo Observatory; discrepancies such as the lithium problem engage researchers including Sean Carroll and David N. Spergel.
Recombination physics determining the surface of last scattering was formulated by Jim Peebles and Yakov Zel'dovich, with radiative-transfer and Silk damping analyses by Joseph Silk. Precision CMB anisotropy measurements by COBE, WMAP, and Planck (spacecraft) validate predictions of acoustic peaks modeled by Wayne Hu and Scott Dodelson; polarization results constrain reionization histories explored by Naomi Ota and teams at BICEP and POLARBEAR. Secondary anisotropies and Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effects involve observations from Atacama Cosmology Telescope, South Pole Telescope, and theoretical input from Rephael Bousso and Max Tegmark.
Challenges include the horizon, flatness, and monopole problems addressed by Alan Guth's inflation, alternatives explored by Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok with ekpyrotic scenarios, and cyclic models proposed by Steinhardt and Nicolas Turok. Dark matter puzzles point to candidates such as WIMPs and axions studied by LUX, XENON, ADMX, and SuperCDMS, while dark energy invokes cosmological-constant debates originating with Albert Einstein and modern analysis by Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess, and Brian Schmidt. Quantum gravity approaches linking the early hot phase to Planckian physics involve String theory research led by Edward Witten, loop quantum gravity by Carlo Rovelli, and holographic principles associated with Juan Maldacena.