High-density lipoprotein

High-density lipoprotein
Our World In Data · CC BY 4.0 · source
Name	High-density lipoprotein
Other names	HDL
Type	Lipoprotein
Function	Reverse cholesterol transport

Contents

High-density lipoprotein is a class of plasma lipoproteins involved in lipid transport and cardiovascular homeostasis. Descriptions of its role draw on research from institutions such as Harvard University, Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins University, Stanford University School of Medicine, and National Institutes of Health and on landmark studies published in journals associated with organizations like The Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine, and Journal of the American Medical Association. Debates around its protective effects reference findings from trials conducted by groups at Oxford University, Imperial College London, and McMaster University.

Overview

HDL was characterized historically through biochemical work at laboratories connected to Rockefeller University, Columbia University, and University of Cambridge. Seminal investigators affiliated with Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yale University, Princeton University, and University of Pennsylvania contributed to early fractionation and electrophoresis methods. Epidemiological links between HDL levels and cardiovascular outcomes were explored by consortia including researchers from Framingham Heart Study, Interheart Study, and Global Burden of Disease collaborators. Public health guidance mentioning HDL has been issued by agencies such as World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and European Society of Cardiology.

HDL particles are heterogeneous, with subfractions described using techniques developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, California Institute of Technology, and Max Planck Society laboratories. Protein components include apolipoproteins investigated by groups at Karolinska Institutet, University of Oxford, and University of Chicago. Key enzymes and transfer proteins associated with HDL—such as lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase and cholesteryl ester transfer protein—were characterized by teams at University of Michigan, Duke University, and University College London. Methods to resolve particle size and density draw on instrumentation from Siemens, Roche, and Beckman Coulter and analytical approaches refined at ETH Zurich and California Pacific Medical Center.

Pathways of reverse cholesterol transport implicate organs and systems studied at Massachusetts General Hospital, Cleveland Clinic, and Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Mechanistic studies involving receptors and transporters cite work from Scripps Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Genetic contributors to HDL metabolism have been identified in cohorts from Broad Institute, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, and deCODE genetics, with notable genes investigated by teams at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Clinical physiology linking HDL to inflammation and endothelial function references collaborations with Karolinska University Hospital, Bellevue Hospital, and Mount Sinai Health System.

Associations between HDL and coronary artery disease were evaluated in randomized trials led by investigators at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, and European Medicines Agency-linked studies. HDL alterations are observed in conditions managed at St Bartholomew's Hospital, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Singapore General Hospital, including metabolic syndrome cohorts from University of Sydney, Monash University, and University of Toronto. Genetic HDL disorders were reported by research groups at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Karolinska Hospital. Epidemiologic analyses connecting HDL with stroke, peripheral artery disease, and diabetes have included scientists from University of California, San Francisco, Penn Medicine, and University of Edinburgh.

Laboratory determination of HDL cholesterol evolved with contributions from laboratories at Quest Diagnostics, LabCorp, and hospital clinical chemistry divisions at Mount Sinai Hospital (New York), Toronto General Hospital, and La Paz University Hospital. Assays validated by standards from International Organization for Standardization, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, and American Association for Clinical Chemistry underpin clinical reporting used in guidelines from American Heart Association, European Atherosclerosis Society, and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Imaging and functional assays involving HDL employ platforms developed at GE Healthcare, Philips, and research centers including Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.

Therapeutic strategies targeting HDL have been trialed by pharmaceutical and academic collaborations involving Pfizer, Merck & Co., Roche Pharmaceuticals, and biotech firms emerging from Biogen, Genentech, and Regeneron. Major clinical trials with HDL-modulating agents were coordinated through networks at National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, European Union Clinical Trials Register, and cooperative groups including Consortium of Clinical Trials. Translational work integrating genomics and therapeutics cites projects from Human Genome Project, 1000 Genomes Project, and research centers such as Sanger Institute. Ongoing research partnerships include initiatives at Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and academic hubs like Yale-New Haven Hospital.

Category:Lipoproteins