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| Hawaï | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hawaï |
| Native name | ʻĀina Hawaiʻi |
| Location | Pacific Ocean |
| Archipelago | Hawaiian Islands |
| Total islands | 137 |
| Major islands | Hawaiʻi, Maui, Oʻahu, Kauaʻi, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Niʻihau, Kahoʻolawe |
| Area km2 | 28,311 |
| Population | 1,455,271 (2020) |
| Capital | Honolulu |
| Largest city | Honolulu |
| Official languages | English, Hawaiian |
| Highest point | Mauna Kea |
| Timezone | UTC−10 |
Hawaï
Hawaï is an island chain and U.S. state in the central Pacific Ocean known for volcanic islands, unique biodiversity, and a multicultural population. Its modern identity reflects interactions among indigenous Hawaiian monarchy institutions, European explorers, American entrepreneurs, and Asian labor migrations. The islands host major urban centers, protected natural areas, and strategic military facilities tied to Pacific geopolitics.
The archipelago sits atop the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain and includes volcanic peaks such as Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Kīlauea. The main islands—Hawaiʻi, Maui, Oʻahu, Kauaʻi, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Niʻihau, Kahoʻolawe—feature diverse climates from alpine tundra on Mauna Kea to tropical rainforest at Haleakalā and coastal reef systems like Nā Pali Coast. Oceanic currents like the North Pacific Gyre and features such as the Hawaiian hotspot shape marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Geologic processes produce lava flows, ash deposits, and island subsidence documented by researchers from institutions including the United States Geological Survey and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park managers. Major ports include Honolulu Harbor and Hilo Bay; major airports include Daniel K. Inouye International Airport and Kahului Airport.
The islands were first settled by Polynesian voyagers associated with Samoa and Tahiti traditions, who developed systems of land tenure like the ahupuaʻa and built heiau religious structures. European contact began with James Cook at Kealakekua Bay; subsequent interactions included the establishment of the Kingdom of Hawaii under monarchs such as Kamehameha the Great and Queen Liliʻuokalani. The 19th century saw influence from Missionary Society movements, Pineapple Industry entrepreneurs like James Dole, and labor migration from Japan, China, Philippines, Portugal, and Korea. Political changes involved the Bayonet Constitution, the overthrow of the monarchy, the Republic of Hawaii, and annexation by the United States leading to eventual statehood as the State of Hawaii in 1959. World events brought Pearl Harbor into global focus during World War II and prompted the establishment of bases like Pearl Harbor Naval Base and Schofield Barracks.
Population centers concentrate on Oʻahu, especially Honolulu. The demographic composition includes Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, estimated descendants of chiefs and settlers linked to Kauaʻi and Maui lineages, alongside descendants of immigrants from Japan, China, Philippines, Korea, Portugal, and the United States. Languages include Hawaiian revitalization efforts supported by institutions like Kamehameha Schools and University of Hawaiʻi. Religious affiliations reflect congregations tied to Roman Catholic Church, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, United Church of Christ, and indigenous hula and chant traditions anchored at places like Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau. Health and education metrics involve agencies such as the Hawaii State Department of Health and Hawaii Department of Education.
As a U.S. state, Hawaï’s political framework includes a governor and a bicameral legislature with a Senate and Hawaii State House of Representatives. Federal representation includes members of the United States Congress from congressional districts based in Honolulu and Hilo. Legal and land matters invoke historical instruments like the Great Māhele and contemporary litigation in courts such as the Hawaii Supreme Court. Political movements encompass Native Hawaiian sovereignty groups, environmental advocacy organizations like ʻĀina Momona affiliates, and labor unions linked to the tourism sector. Military installations including Pearl Harbor play roles in federal-state relations, and federal laws such as the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act influence land and housing policy.
The economy combines tourism, agriculture, defense, and research. Major economic drivers include visitor arrivals at Daniel K. Inouye International Airport, resorts in Waikiki, and attractions maintained by Hawaii Tourism Authority. Agricultural products encompass pineapples associated with Dole Food Company, macadamia nuts, coffee from Kona farms, and sugarcane legacy operations. Research institutions such as the University of Hawaiʻi and the W. M. Keck Observatory contribute to astronomy and oceanography tied to Pacific Tsunami Warning Center data. Military spending at Pearl Harbor and related contracting also underpins jobs. Trade links extend to Japan, United States, China, and South Korea.
Cultural life blends indigenous practices—hula, chant, ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi revival—with influences from Japan, China, Philippines, Portugal, and United States mainland patterns. Festivals include Merrie Monarch Festival and events hosted by institutions like Bishop Museum and Hawaiʻi State Art Museum. Music traditions feature ipu, ukulele performances tied to figures associated with King David Kalākaua revivalism and artists documented by Nā Hōkū Hanohano award histories. Culinary culture includes dishes such as poi, laulau, poke, plate lunches popularized by local eateries and chains with historic ties to immigrant labor camps. Language revitalization projects involve Hoʻomau programs, immersion schools like Kula Kaiapuni, and archival collections at Hawaiʻi State Archives.
Tourism sites include Waikiki Beach, Haleakalā National Park, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Nā Pali Coast State Park, and cultural centers like Iolani Palace and Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park. Conservation efforts involve partnerships among National Park Service, The Nature Conservancy, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, and community groups addressing invasive species such as Miconia calvescens and reef decline affecting Hawaiian monk seal populations. Climate change impacts sea-level rise, coral bleaching, and storm frequency that challenge infrastructure in Honolulu and rural communities on Kauaʻi and Maui. Sustainable tourism initiatives coordinate with agencies like Hawaii Tourism Authority and research programs at Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology to balance visitation with protection of native ecosystems and cultural sites.
Category:States of the United States Category:Islands of the Pacific Ocean