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| Hashimite | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hashimite |
| Native name | Banu Hāshim |
| Country | Hejaz; later Jordan; Iraq; Hijaz; Syria |
| Region | Arabian Peninsula; Levant; North Africa |
| Founded | 7th century CE |
| Founder | Hāshim ibn ʿAbd Manāf |
| Current head | King Abdullah II of Jordan |
| Notable members | Muhammad, Sharif Hussein bin Ali, Faisal I of Iraq, Abdullah I of Jordan, Ali of Hejaz, Talal of Jordan, Hussein of Jordan, Feisal II of Iraq, Abd al-Ilah |
Hashimite The Hashimite family traces descent from Hāshim ibn ʿAbd Manāf and claims genealogical connection to the Islamic prophet Muhammad through the Hashemite lineage. Historically prominent in the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, Hashimites have figured in events from the early Islamic caliphates to the Arab Revolt and the formation of modern monarchies in Iraq and Jordan. Members have held religious offices in Mecca and political authority in post‑Ottoman state formation, interacting with actors such as the British Empire, Ottoman Empire, League of Nations, and neighboring dynasties.
The origin narrative centers on Hāshim ibn ʿAbd Manāf of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca, an influential mercantile clan of the Hejaz. Genealogical claims link descendants through ʻAbd al‑Muttalib and Abu Talib, culminating in Muhammad, whose lineage through Fatimah and Ali ibn Abi Talib established the family’s sacral status. Medieval genealogists such as Ibn Hisham and al-Tabari recorded pedigrees used by later claimants like the Sharifs of Mecca and the Hashemite kings. Rival pedigrees and disputes involved houses like the Umayyad Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate, and tribal groups such as the Banu Umayya and Banu Hashim in accounts preserved by chroniclers including Ibn Khaldun.
The Hashemite family split into branches that produced Sharifs of Mecca, Arab rulers of Hejaz, and monarchs of Iraq and Transjordan. Prominent figures include Sharif Hussein bin Ali, who declared the 1916 Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire and fathered sons who became rulers: Faisal I of Iraq and Abdullah I of Jordan. Other members such as Ali of Hejaz and Prince Zeid bin Hussein engaged in regional dynastic politics. Matrimonial alliances connected the family to houses like the Hashemite of Syria claimants, and interactions with international figures such as T. E. Lawrence, David Lloyd George, and Gertrude Bell shaped the dynasty’s modern fortunes.
Hashimite legitimacy has been premised on custodianship of Mecca and the office of Sharif, responsibilities conferred across centuries by powers including the Ottoman Empire and later contested during World War I. Role in early Islamic history includes descent from figures central to events like the Battle of Badr and theological disputes involving leaders such as Uthman ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib. In the medieval and early modern periods the Sharifs mediated pilgrimages to Masjid al-Haram and negotiated with rulers such as the Sultanate of Egypt and Ottoman sultans. The family’s religious standing also intersected with movements like the Wahhabi movement and the 1924 abolition of the Caliphate under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
Post‑World War I geopolitics produced Hashemite monarchies: Faisal I of Iraq was installed in Baghdad under a League of Nations mandate, while Abdullah I of Jordan founded the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan, later Jordan. The short‑lived Hashemite Kingdom of the Hejaz under Hussein bin Ali was overrun by forces of the House of Saud backed by the Ikhwan movement. Monarchs such as Faisal II of Iraq and regents including Abd al-Ilah illustrate intra‑dynastic succession and external pressures from powers like the United Kingdom and later the United States during the Cold War. Revolutions and coups—e.g., the 1958 Iraq revolution—ended Hashemite rule in some territories while the Jordanian throne persists under Abdullah II of Jordan.
Hashemite rulers engaged in treaty negotiations and diplomacy with entities including the Sykes–Picot Agreement signatories, the Treaty of Versailles milieu, the United Nations, and regional organizations such as the Arab League. Figures from the family worked with British officials like Henry McMahon and strategists like Gertrude Bell to shape borders and mandates in Syria, Iraq, and Palestine. Hashemite foreign policy involved mediation in conflicts including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Six-Day War with Israel, and peace efforts involving leaders such as Anwar Sadat and Hafez al-Assad. Jordanian Hashemites have hosted initiatives with international bodies like the International Committee of the Red Cross and participated in negotiations with the United States and Russia.
Culturally, Hashemites patronized shrines, mosques, and educational institutions connected to Islamic scholarship centers such as Al-Azhar University and supported pilgrim infrastructure in the Hajj. The family’s lineage underpins ceremonial roles during Hajj logistics and custodianship claims over Islamic holy sites that engage actors like the Saudi government and international Muslim communities from Indonesia to Nigeria. Hashemite patronage influenced literature and historiography recorded by authors like Ibn Kathir and modern historians such as Philip Hitti and Bernard Lewis who examined Arab nationalism and monarchy.
Titles used include Sharif of Mecca, King of the Hejaz, King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, and King of Iraq. Heraldic emblems and flags incorporated Arab national colors adopted after World War I in movements such as the Arab Revolt flag, later influencing banners of Iraq, Jordan, and Syria. Regalia and orders such as the Order of al‑Hilal and national symbols of Jordan reflect dynastic identity, while ceremonial roles during events at sites like the Al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock underscore religious ceremonial symbolism.
Category:Arab dynasties Category:History of the Middle East Category:Royal families