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| HadGEM (Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model) | |
|---|---|
| Name | HadGEM (Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model) |
| Developer | Met Office Hadley Centre |
| First release | 2006 |
| Latest release | various generations (HadGEM1, HadGEM2, HadGEM3) |
| Written in | Fortran, C |
| Platform | High-performance computing systems |
| License | institutional |
HadGEM (Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model) is a family of coupled climate models developed by the Met Office Hadley Centre for climate research and operational forecasting. The models have been used in assessments by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, contributed to international projects such as the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, and supported national services like the United Kingdom Met Office and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. HadGEM variants have informed studies involving the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and university groups at Cambridge, Oxford, and Imperial College London.
HadGEM series were produced by the Met Office Hadley Centre in collaboration with institutions including the UK Research and Innovation, Natural Environment Research Council, University of Reading, University of Exeter, and National Centre for Atmospheric Science. The project built on predecessor models developed at the Hadley–Centre and integrated advances from collaborations with Princeton University, Columbia University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and European Space Agency initiatives. HadGEM contributed to multi-model ensembles coordinated by the World Climate Research Programme, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), and panels under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Development progressed through major generations: early research models influenced by the HadCM3 lineage, formal releases such as HadGEM1 and HadGEM2, and later operational implementations in HadGEM3 integrated with the Unified Model framework used by the UK Met Office Unified Model. Versioning involved partnerships with Met Office, NERC centres, and testbeds at European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Components and parameterizations were updated following comparisons in CMIP3, CMIP5, and CMIP6 phases and in coordinated experiments with World Climate Research Programme Working Groups and the Climate Model Intercomparison Project.
HadGEM couples atmospheric, oceanic, sea-ice, and land-surface components, drawing on schemes influenced by work at Hadley Centre, Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project findings, and process studies from Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. Atmospheric physics included radiation schemes informed by studies associated with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments and convection parameterizations developed alongside researchers from NCAR and University of Reading. Ocean and sea-ice components used dynamics and mixing schemes comparable to those at GEOMAR, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and the National Oceanography Centre. Land-surface and vegetation interactions incorporated modules resembling those used in projects at University of Leeds, University of Oxford, and CSIRO.
HadGEM performance was evaluated against observational datasets from Global Precipitation Climatology Project, Argo, TOGA, ICESat, and satellite records from NOAA, NASA, and European Space Agency. Skill assessments compared HadGEM outputs to reanalyses such as ERA-Interim, MERRA, and JRA-55; model intercomparisons included ensembles from CMIP5 and CMIP6. Validation studies were published in journals and presented at conferences including American Geophysical Union meetings and European Geosciences Union assemblies, often co-authored with groups from University of Bristol, University of Southampton, and Princeton University.
HadGEM has been used for climate projection contributions to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports, regional downscaling efforts with CORDEX domains, and impact studies employed by agencies such as the UK Cabinet Office and Environment Agency (England). Research applications include attribution studies cited alongside work from Met Office Hadley Centre, paleoclimate simulations collaborating with Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, and scenario runs linked to emission pathways used in analyses by International Energy Agency and United Nations Environment Programme. Operational uses include seasonal forecasting interfaces with UK Met Office services and inputs to water-resource planning with World Bank advisory projects.
HadGEM implementations ran on high-performance computing platforms including systems at the Met Office and national supercomputing centres such as ARCHER, ARCHER2, and resources coordinated by UK Research and Innovation. Codebases were written primarily in Fortran with parallelization using MPI and optimized for architectures exemplified by machines at National Supercomputing Centre facilities. Model resolutions varied across generations: atmosphere grids comparable to 25–60 km, ocean grids with refined near-coastal meshes, and configurations used in CMIP experiments often mirrored common setups employed by ECMWF and NOAA modelling centres.
Known limitations stem from parameterization choices and biases common to global models, identified in multi-model comparisons alongside centres such as NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, and Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. Uncertainties include regional precipitation biases highlighted in assessments with IPCC authors, sea-ice representation issues noted in studies with NSIDC, and dynamical constraints comparable to those discussed by WCRP panels. Ongoing work with collaborators at University of Exeter, Imperial College London, and Met Office focuses on reducing systematic errors through higher resolution, improved coupling strategies, and enhanced process-level observations from programmes like Argo and ESA missions.
Category:Climate models