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| Greenhouse Gas | |
|---|---|
| Name | Greenhouse Gas |
| Formula | Various |
| Discoverer | Multiple |
| First reported | Various |
| Density | Various |
Greenhouse Gas
Greenhouse gases trap outgoing infrared radiation in planetary atmospheres, affecting surface temperatures and climate. They are central to discussions involving Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Rio de Janeiro, Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement negotiations, and feature in reporting by National Aeronautics and Space Administration, European Space Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and World Meteorological Organization.
Greenhouse gases include naturally occurring and anthropogenic species studied by Arrhenius, Svante in early climate work and modeled in later assessments by James Hansen and groups at NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Met Office Hadley Centre. Research ties to paleoclimate reconstructions from Vostok Station ice cores and EPICA cores, and to modern observational programs like Mauna Loa Observatory measurements by Charles David Keeling. Scientific institutions such as Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory contribute to data synthesis used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and national agencies.
Major species include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, water vapor, and fluorinated gases. Carbon dioxide (CO2) links to Fossil fuel combustion at facilities like Siberian Traps-era volcanism analogs and is central to analyses by International Energy Agency, BP, ExxonMobil-related historical records, and emissions inventories maintained by Environmental Protection Agency (United States). Methane (CH4) sources connect to Permian Basin, Bakken Formation, and Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon systems and to agricultural systems such as Cargill and Tyson Foods supply chains studied in lifecycle analyses. Nitrous oxide (N2O) relates to fertilizer application histories tied to Green Revolution technologies and institutions like Rockefeller Foundation-funded programs. Fluorinated gases, including hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons, are regulated under amendments to the Montreal Protocol and tracked by industrial producers such as DuPont and Honeywell. Radiative efficiencies, lifetimes, and global warming potentials are quantified in reports from IPCC and laboratories like National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Anthropogenic sources span energy, industrial, agricultural, and land-use sectors. Fossil fuel extraction and combustion trace to regions and companies including Texas, Alberta, Saudi Arabia, Rosneft, Chevron, and Shell. Agricultural emissions involve enterprises such as Archer Daniels Midland and practices documented by Food and Agriculture Organization. Land-use change, deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest and peatland drainage in Indonesia alter terrestrial carbon sinks studied by NASA Carbon Monitoring System and Global Carbon Project. Oceans function as major sinks via processes investigated by Scripps Institution of Oceanography and projects like Argo (oceanography), while soils and wetlands are studied by USDA programs and by researchers at CIFOR. Natural sources include wetlands, permafrost regions like those in Siberia and Alaska, and volcanic emissions monitored at sites such as Mount Etna and Kīlauea.
Greenhouse gases influence radiative transfer as described in foundational physics by John Tyndall and later formalized in climate models developed at Met Office Hadley Centre, GFDL, and NCAR. Radiative forcing metrics used by IPCC and computed in coupled models involve interactions with aerosols from events like Mount Pinatubo eruptions and with clouds simulated in projects such as CMIP6. Chemical processes affect species like ozone through reactions involving CFCs and catalytic cycles first elucidated by researchers connected to Royal Society publications. Stratosphere–troposphere exchange and feedbacks involving water vapor, lapse rate, and albedo are central to projections from groups including Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Max Planck Institute for Meteorology.
Monitoring networks include Mauna Loa Observatory, Global Atmosphere Watch, and satellite missions by NASA such as OCO-2, Aura (satellite), and CALIPSO. In situ sampling programs involve institutions like Scripps Institution of Oceanography and national agencies such as NOAA and Met Office. Remote sensing platforms from European Space Agency (e.g., Sentinel-5P) and commercial providers complement ground networks. Analytical methods are standardized by organizations including World Meteorological Organization and International Organization for Standardization laboratories, with isotopic fingerprinting techniques developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry to attribute sources.
Climate effects linked to greenhouse gases influence extreme events documented in reports by IPCC, United Nations Environment Programme, and World Health Organization, with regional impacts catalogued by agencies such as NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information and disaster databases like EM-DAT. Warming-driven changes affect ecosystems from Great Barrier Reef coral bleaching to boreal forest shifts in Canada and permafrost thaw in Siberia, with socioeconomic consequences assessed by organizations including World Bank and International Monetary Fund. Human health pathways include heatwaves studied in association with European heat wave of 2003, vector-borne disease range shifts tracked by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and air quality co-benefits analyzed by World Health Organization.
Mitigation strategies span decarbonization, carbon capture and storage, and policy instruments. International agreements such as the Paris Agreement and mechanisms negotiated under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change set frameworks for nationally determined contributions submitted by countries including United States, China, European Union, and India. Market and regulatory tools involve emissions trading systems like the European Union Emission Trading Scheme and carbon taxation in jurisdictions such as Sweden and British Columbia. Technology pathways include renewable deployments championed by companies like Vestas and First Solar, nuclear energy debates involving International Atomic Energy Agency, and negative emissions options evaluated by IPCC and research centers such as Oak Ridge National Laboratory and National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Financial mechanisms and investor initiatives include work by Green Climate Fund, World Bank, BlackRock, and Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures.