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| Governors of Brazilian states | |
|---|---|
| Name | Governor (Brazilian states) |
| Native name | Governador (estados brasileiros) |
| Incumbentsince | varies |
| Residence | Palácio do Governo |
| Appointer | Eleições |
| Termlength | Quatro anos (renovável uma vez) |
| Formation | Imperial Brasil (províncias) |
Governors of Brazilian states
Governors of Brazilian states are the chief executives of each state such as São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Paraná, who operate within the framework of the Constitution of Brazil, interact with the National Congress (Brazil), liaise with the Presidency of Brazil, represent their states at bodies like the Confederação Nacional de Municípios and engage with regional actors including the Supremo Tribunal Federal, the Superior Electoral Court, and federal ministries.
Under the Constitution of Brazil governors exercise powers including executing state-level laws derived from statutes like the Código Penal (Brazil), proposing state budgets to state legislatures such as the Legislative Assembly of São Paulo and Assembleia Legislativa do Rio de Janeiro, appointing secretaries analogous to cabinets in Governo do Estado de São Paulo and commanding state civil police forces including the Polícia Civil and interacting with forces such as the Polícia Militar (Brazil), while their actions can be reviewed by the Supremo Tribunal Federal, adjudicated in cases before the Superior Tribunal de Justiça and constrained by federal measures from the Ministério da Justiça.
Governors are elected by popular vote in statewide elections administered by the Superior Electoral Court and held concurrently with elections for the President of Brazil, Chamber of Deputies (Brazil), and Federal Senate (Brazil) in a two-round system that has seen candidates from parties like the Partido dos Trabalhadores, Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira, Partido Social Liberal, Movimento Democrático Brasileiro, and Partido Democrático Trabalhista compete, serving four-year terms with the possibility of one consecutive re-election as provided by amendments to the Constitution of Brazil and regulated by the Lei das Eleições.
Governors often belong to national parties such as the Partido dos Trabalhadores, Partido Socialista Brasileiro, Partido Progressistas, Partido Social Democrático, and União Brasil and form blocs to negotiate transfers with the Governo Federal, engage in coalitions with municipal leaders like the Prefeito de São Paulo and coordinate with senators from Federal Senate (Brazil), while policy disputes may involve institutions like the Tribunal de Contas da União, the Procuradoria-Geral da República, and sectoral ministries including the Ministério da Saúde and Ministério da Educação.
The office evolved from imperial provincial presidents appointed during the Empire of Brazil to elected state governors after the Proclamation of the Republic (1889), with key moments including the Constitution of 1891, the Vargas Era, the Estado Novo (1937–1945), the re-democratization in 1945, the 1964 Brazilian military coup d'état era that imposed appointed interventors, and the 1988 Constitution of Brazil which redefined state autonomy and restored popular elections leading to figures such as Getúlio Vargas, Juscelino Kubitschek, Tancredo Neves, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, and regional leaders like Jânio Quadros shaping federal–state relations.
Current governors include incumbents from states such as Acre (state-level incumbent), Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe, and Tocantins, each affiliated with parties like the Partido dos Trabalhadores, Partido Social Democrático, Partido Liberal, Partido Socialista Brasileiro, Podemos (Brasil), and Movimento Democrático Brasileiro and coordinating with federal entities such as the Ministério da Economia and the Banco Central do Brasil.
Several governors have faced high-profile controversies involving allegations adjudicated by the Supremo Tribunal Federal, the Procuradoria-Geral da República, and state courts, including corruption cases tied to the Operação Lava Jato, impeachment proceedings analogous to those in Governorship impeachment cases (state-level examples), criminal investigations involving figures like those implicated in the Mensalão scandal, legal challenges before the Superior Tribunal de Justiça, and administrative inquiries by the Tribunal de Contas do Estado leading to resignations, convictions, or suspensions that reshaped party dynamics within the Partido dos Trabalhadores, Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira, and other national parties.