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| Global Grapevine Germplasm Resources | |
|---|---|
| Name | Global Grapevine Germplasm Resources |
| Caption | Diversity of Vitis vinifera cultivars |
| Crop | Grapevine (Vitis) |
| Region | Worldwide |
| Main users | Plant breeders, genebanks, research institutes |
| Established | Various (19th–21st centuries) |
Global Grapevine Germplasm Resources Global grapevine germplasm resources comprise curated collections of Vitis genetic material maintained by institutions such as International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization, Bioversity International, European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources, USDA National Plant Germplasm System and national repositories including INRAE, CSIRO, Institut Pasteur-linked programs. These collections underpin research at University of California, Davis, University of Bordeaux, University of Adelaide, University of Turin and inform policies at European Union, World Trade Organization, Convention on Biological Diversity, Nagoya Protocol and regional consortia.
Grapevine germplasm repositories support conservation priorities set by Convention on Biological Diversity, International Plant Protection Convention, World Intellectual Property Organization and national agencies such as USDA, Defra and Ministry of Agriculture (France). They provide living vines, seeds, cryopreserved tissues and DNA to stakeholders including OIV (International Organisation of Vine and Wine), Oregon State University, Cornell University, CSIRO and University of Stellenbosch for use in research on climate change, phytopathology, phytosanitary regulations and cultivar registration systems like those managed by European Plant Variety Office and Plant Variety Protection Office.
Historical accumulation began with 19th-century ampelography by figures such as Pierre Magnol, Pliny the Elder, Pierre Galet and museums like the Musée du Vin. 19th- and 20th-century collections expanded in botanical gardens tied to Kew Gardens, Jardin des Plantes, Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh and universities including Université de Montpellier. Post‑phylloxera responses involved entomologists and pathologists at US Department of Agriculture, Institut Pasteur and researchers collaborating across League of Nations era networks, later formalized within FAO and Bioversity International mandates.
Key living collections include holdings at INRAE (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), USDA ARS Grape Genetics Research Unit, University of California, Davis–Foundation Plant Services, Comité de l’Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin, Istituto Agrario di San Michele all’Adige, NIAB (National Institute of Agricultural Botany), National Research Council (Italy), South African National Biodiversity Institute, Max Planck Institute collaborations and regional genebanks under CGIAR allied programs. Cryopreserved resources are coordinated through initiatives at Svalbard Global Seed Vault-adjacent networks and national cryo-banks linked to GenBank (US), EMBL-EBI sequence archives and university repositories.
Ex situ strategies span field collections, cold storage and cryopreservation developed at CSIRO, INRAE and University of Milan. In situ conservation occurs in appellation regions such as Bordeaux, Tuscany, Napa Valley, Mosel (wine region), La Rioja (Spain) and traditional vineyards supported by cultural heritage programs at UNESCO and local authorities like Consejo Regulador. Genetic diversity assessments leverage sequencing consortia at Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Joint Genome Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory and marker development from International Vitis Genetic Consortium.
Ampelographic and molecular characterization integrates methods from laboratories at University of Bordeaux', UC Davis, University of Adelaide and platforms supported by Horizon 2020 projects, FP7 and national research councils. Documentation uses passport data standards aligned with FAO/IPGRI descriptors and database systems such as GRIN-Global, EURISCO, Genesys and institutional catalogues at INRAE and USDA ARS. Phenotyping for traits like disease resistance, cold tolerance and enology-related chemistry is performed in collaboration with wineries including Château Margaux, Antinori, Concha y Toro and research centers such as Institute for Wine Biotechnology (IWBT).
Breeders at Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, USDA, E. & J. Gallo Winery, Foster’s Group, Treviso research institutes and universities pursue crosses using germplasm from repositories to develop cultivars resilient to powdery mildew, downy mildew, Pierce’s disease and abiotic stresses linked to climate change. Marker-assisted selection and genomic selection draw on resources from NIH-funded genomics centers, EMBL collaborations and private breeding programs such as International Wineries for Research. Cultivar release and registration interact with entities like European Plant Variety Office and national certification agencies.
Access and benefit‑sharing are governed by Nagoya Protocol, International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, World Trade Organization TRIPS Agreement and national laws enforced by ministries like Ministry of Agriculture (Italy), Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan), USDA and DEFRA. Challenges include phytosanitary barriers addressed under International Plant Protection Convention, funding constraints tied to allocations from European Commission, US Congress and private foundations, and intellectual property disputes involving World Intellectual Property Organization and multinational corporations. Coordination across stakeholders such as Bioversity International, CGIAR, OIV, FAO and national genebanks remains essential to ensure equitable access, conservation and sustainable use.
Category:Plant genetic resources