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| Generation of 1927 | |
|---|---|
| Name | Generation of 1927 |
| Years active | 1920s–1930s |
| Country | Spain |
| Notable members | Federico García Lorca; Rafael Alberti; Luis Cernuda; Jorge Guillén; Vicente Aleixandre; Dámaso Alonso; Gerardo Diego |
Generation of 1927 The Generation of 1927 was a cohort of Spanish poetry and literature figures whose experimental work intersected with European avant-garde movements and Spanish Silver Age of Spanish poetry, reshaping modern Spanish literature. Key participants blended influences from García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Luis Cernuda, Jorge Guillén, Vicente Aleixandre, and Dámaso Alonso with references to Pablo Picasso, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Andrés Segovia, Salvador Dalí, and international currents such as Futurism, Surrealism, Symbolism, and Impressionism.
The group emerged around the 300th anniversary commemorations of Luis de Góngora in 1927, linking poets, critics, and artists including Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Gerardo Diego, Vicente Aleixandre, Jorge Guillén, Luis Cernuda, and Dámaso Alonso with younger figures like Antonio Machado's heirs and contemporaries such as Pío Baroja, Camilo José Cela, Miguel de Unamuno, Ramón Gómez de la Serna, and Juan Ramón Jiménez. Their networks tied to institutions like the Residencia de Estudiantes and publications including Revista de Occidente, La Gaceta Literaria, Índice, and Cruz y Raya, and they engaged with events such as the II Congreso Internacional de Escritores para la Defensa de la Cultura.
The origins trace to the 1920s Spanish cultural milieu shaped by the monarchy of Alfonso XIII, the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, and the later establishment of the Second Spanish Republic, intersecting with European phenomena like World War I aftermath and the rise of Fascism and Communism. Intellectual hubs such as the Residencia de Estudiantes hosted exchanges among Federico García Lorca, Salvador Dalí, Pablo Picasso, Luis Buñuel, and visitors like Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, Paul Éluard, and André Breton. The 1927 homage to Luis de Góngora galvanized collaborations across journals like Revista de Occidente and artistic circles tied to galleries such as Galería Dalmau.
Primary poets included Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre, Jorge Guillén, Luis Cernuda, Dámaso Alonso, Gerardo Diego, Pedro Salinas, Joaquín Rodrigo (as cultural figure), and critics like José Ortega y Gasset and Manuel Azaña who influenced aesthetics and politics. Collaborators and sympathetic figures encompassed Antonio Machado, Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Ramón Gómez de la Serna, Salvador Dalí, Luis Buñuel, Pablo Picasso, Paul Éluard, André Breton, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, William Butler Yeats, José Bergamín, Miguel Hernández, and Camilo José Cela. They produced major contributions in collections, manifestos, and performances tied to venues such as the Teatro Español and institutions like the Institución Libre de Enseñanza.
A hallmark was the fusion of baroque recoil from Luis de Góngora with modernist concision from Juan Ramón Jiménez and European Surrealism from André Breton and Paul Éluard, as well as visual interplay related to Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalí. Formal experiments included renewed interest in sonnets and traditional metrics in dialogue with free verse innovations seen in Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot, and imagery influenced by Symbolism and Futurism. The group’s aesthetics appeared across poetry, theater, painting, and music involving figures like Federico García Lorca (theatre), Rafael Alberti (poetry), Luis Buñuel (film), Pablo Picasso (painting), and composers linked to Isaac Albéniz’s legacy and contemporary modernists.
Contemporaneous reception ranged from acclaim by intellectuals such as José Ortega y Gasset and editors at Revista de Occidente to criticism from conservative outlets and censorship under regimes linked to Miguel Primo de Rivera and later repression during and after the Spanish Civil War. Emigration and exile connected members to cities like Paris, Buenos Aires, Mexico City, and New York City, intersecting with exiles such as Rafael Alberti and Luis Cernuda who influenced Latin American venues like Sur and Martín Fierro. Long-term legacy is evident in twentieth-century Spanish letters influencing writers like Camilo José Cela, Jorge Luis Borges, Octavio Paz, Severo Ochoa, Gabriel García Márquez, and institutions such as Real Academia Española and cultural festivals commemorating figures like Federico García Lorca.
Notable works include Federico García Lorca’s collections and plays associated with Bodas de Sangre, Yerma, and La casa de Bernarda Alba; Rafael Alberti’s Marinero en tierra; Luis Cernuda’s La realidad y el deseo; Jorge Guillén’s Cántico; Vicente Aleixandre’s Sombra del paraíso; Dámaso Alonso’s critical works on Góngora; Gerardo Diego’s varied poetry and criticism; and avant-garde publications like La Gaceta Literaria, Revista de Occidente, Índice, and the commemorative Góngora events of 1927. Their creations were staged in venues such as the Teatro Español and disseminated via publishing houses like Editorial Losada and periodicals including Sur and Martín Fierro.
The cohort’s activity intersected with Spanish politics through affiliations and oppositions involving figures such as Manuel Azaña, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Francisco Franco, and the debates around the Second Spanish Republic and the Spanish Civil War, with consequences including exile, censorship, and martyrdom exemplified by the assassination of Federico García Lorca. Their cultural networks extended internationally through connections to Paris, Buenos Aires, Mexico City, New York City, and institutions like the Residencia de Estudiantes, influencing subsequent literary movements and memorialization in museums, theaters, and academic curricula at universities including Complutense University of Madrid and cultural bodies like Real Academia Española.
Category:Spanish literature Category:20th-century poets