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| Galaxy redshift surveys | |
|---|---|
| Name | Galaxy redshift surveys |
| Type | Astronomical survey |
Galaxy redshift surveys provide systematic measurements of recessional velocities and distances for extragalactic objects using spectral line shifts. They map three-dimensional large-scale structure through spectroscopic and photometric campaigns, informing models of cosmology, structure formation, and galaxy evolution. Surveys have linked observations from observatories, institutions, and missions to theoretical frameworks and numerical simulations, producing catalogs used by astronomers worldwide.
Large-scale mapping projects combine instruments such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Two-degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey, Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey, and facilities like the Anglo-Australian Telescope, Keck Observatory, Very Large Telescope, Subaru Telescope with infrastructure including the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Space Telescope Science Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and the European Southern Observatory. These efforts intersect with missions such as Hubble Space Telescope, Gaia (spacecraft), Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Planck (spacecraft), and collaborations like the Dark Energy Survey, SDSS-III, SDSS-IV, Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey, and eBOSS. Survey outputs are exploited by research groups at institutions including Harvard University, Princeton University, University of Cambridge, University of California, Berkeley, and Max Planck Society.
Early redshift work relied on pioneering observers such as Vesto Slipher and instruments at observatories like the Lowell Observatory and Mount Wilson Observatory. The advent of multi-object spectrographs at facilities such as the Anglo-Australian Telescope enabled the Two-degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey and later projects including Sloan Digital Sky Survey and 2MASS Redshift Survey. Theoretical impetus came from groups around George Efstathiou, Jim Peebles, Martin Rees, Simon White, and J. Richard Bond, while numerical cosmology advanced via collaborations at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, CERN, and Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics. Landmark initiatives featured funding and coordination by agencies such as National Science Foundation, European Research Council, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
Design choices involve target selection strategies developed at centers like Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, Carnegie Institution for Science, and Caltech, employing photometric catalogs from Pan-STARRS, GALEX, WISE, 2MASS, UKIDSS, and the Legacy Survey. Instrumentation integrates spectrographs such as BOSS spectrograph, DESI spectrograph, and fiber systems pioneered by teams at Fermilab and Brookhaven National Laboratory. Survey planning uses pipelines and software from groups at Johns Hopkins University, University of Chicago, Yale University, and Stanford University to model selection functions, completeness, shot noise, and window functions with techniques inspired by analyses at Institute for Advanced Study and Kavli Institute for Cosmology. Calibration relies on standards maintained by National Institute of Standards and Technology and spectrophotometric reference work at European Southern Observatory.
Prominent programs include Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Two-degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey, 6dF Galaxy Survey, 2MASS Redshift Survey, Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey, WiggleZ, DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey, VIPERS, GAMA (Galaxy And Mass Assembly), Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, and upcoming efforts like Euclid (spacecraft) and Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. Data releases from consortia such as SDSS Data Release 7, SDSS Data Release 12, and DES Data Release populate archives at VizieR, NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive, and the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes. Cross-matched catalogs incorporate inputs from Gaia (spacecraft), WISE, 2MASS, and radio surveys like FIRST (radio survey), NVSS, and LOFAR (radio telescope).
Surveys have measured baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift-space distortions, and growth rates that constrain parameters estimated by teams using results from Planck (spacecraft), WMAP, H0LiCOW, and analyses by researchers such as Wendy Freedman, Adam Riess, Max Tegmark, and Carlos Frenk. Findings inform dark energy models tested against frameworks developed by Saul Perlmutter, Brian Schmidt, Paul J. Steinhardt, and Michael Turner. Galaxy clustering studies link to halo occupation distribution models from groups including Andrew Benson, Rachel Somerville, Volker Springel, and Simon White, while environment-driven evolution connects to work at Observatoire de Paris, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, and Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias. Surveys provide inputs to simulations like the Millennium Simulation, Illustris, and EAGLE (simulation) that were produced by consortia involving Heinz-Walter Rix, Volker Springel, and Simon D. M. White.
Processing employs pipelines and statistical tools developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Fermilab, Flatiron Institute, Perimeter Institute, and university groups at Columbia University, University of Toronto, and University of Oxford. Techniques include redshift estimation, spectral fitting with codes like those from Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, photometric redshift algorithms refined at Universidad de Chile and University of Arizona, and machine learning approaches from teams at Google DeepMind, Facebook AI Research, IBM Research, and Microsoft Research. Analysis leverages cosmological inference frameworks used by researchers at Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, and Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics.
Key challenges include systematic errors addressed by collaborations with National Institute of Standards and Technology, modeling uncertainties tackled by research groups at Perimeter Institute, and data volume managed by infrastructure from Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud, CERN Open Data Portal, and national supercomputing centers like Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory. Future directions involve synergy with Euclid (spacecraft), Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, Vera C. Rubin Observatory, SKA, and missions supported by agencies such as European Space Agency and NASA. Interdisciplinary partnerships with centers like Institute for Advanced Study and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique will drive advances in cosmology, galaxy evolution, and computational astrophysics.