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| French Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNS) | |
|---|---|
| Name | French Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNS) |
| Native name | Enquête Nationale Nutrition Santé |
| Country | France |
| Year | 2006–2007 |
| Type | National cross‑sectional survey |
| Conducted by | Institut de veille sanitaire |
| Sample size | ~3,075 |
French Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNS)
The ENNS was a national cross‑sectional health and nutrition survey carried out in metropolitan France during 2006–2007, designed to provide population‑level estimates of dietary intake, nutritional status, and chronic disease risk factors across age groups; it complements prior population studies such as Étude nationale nutrition santé (ENNS) initiatives and follows the tradition of large surveys like the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the United States, the Health Survey for England in United Kingdom, and the Canadian Community Health Survey in Canada. The project involved institutions including the Institut de veille sanitaire, the Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments, and academic partners from universities such as Université Paris Descartes, Université Lyon 1, and Université Aix‑Marseille. The ENNS aimed to inform public health policy influenced by frameworks from organizations like the World Health Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development, and the European Commission.
ENNS used a stratified multistage probability sampling model inspired by methods used in NHANES and adaptations from surveys by the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques; fieldwork combined interviewer‑administered questionnaires, 24‑hour dietary recalls patterned after techniques from the Food and Agriculture Organization and biochemical assessments comparable to protocols from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Biological sampling included venipuncture and spot urine specimens processed in laboratories affiliated with the Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail and analyzed under quality controls aligned with standards from the International Organization for Standardization and the World Health Organization. Anthropometric measures followed guidelines from the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry and calibrations referencing equipment suppliers and manufacturers recognized by the European Committee for Standardization.
Recruitment targeted private households across metropolitan France using address lists and cluster selection methods similar to sampling frames used by the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques and other national surveys such as the Baromètre santé; the achieved sample included approximately 3,075 participants spanning children, adolescents, and adults with demographic variables harmonized to census categories from INSEE. Field teams coordinated logistics drawing on expertise from regional health agencies like the Agence régionale de santé Île‑de‑France and research centers including INSERM units and university hospitals such as Hôpital de la Pitié‑Salpêtrière and Hôpital Cochin. Socioeconomic and geographic stratification accounted for metropolitan divisions including Île‑de‑France, Provence‑Alpes‑Côte d'Azur, and Auvergne‑Rhône‑Alpes.
Data domains encompassed 24‑hour dietary recalls, food frequency questionnaires, biochemical markers (serum lipids, glycemia, micronutrients), blood pressure, anthropometry (height, weight, waist circumference), and lifestyle questionnaires addressing smoking and physical activity; laboratory analyses measured biomarkers such as serum ferritin, vitamin D (25‑hydroxyvitamin D), and urinary sodium using assays comparable to those used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the European Food Safety Authority, and the National Institutes of Health. Dietary data were coded against food composition tables maintained by national bodies and referenced against international databases like the Food and Agriculture Organization/INFOODS databases and compared with nutrient intake recommendations from the Haute Autorité de santé and the World Health Organization. Quality assurance protocols mirrored those employed in multicenter studies such as the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.
ENNS documented prevalence estimates for overweight, obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies, noting age‑specific patterns similar to trends reported by the Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development and echoed in reports by WHO regional offices; notable findings included measurable levels of hypovitaminosis D across adults consistent with studies from Belgium and Spain, elevated sodium intake paralleling patterns observed in Portugal, and lipid profiles showing dyslipidemia prevalence comparable to surveillance data from Germany and Italy. The survey highlighted sociodemographic gradients in diet quality and health indicators that resonated with inequalities reported by research centers such as INSERM and policy analyses from the Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé and informed comparisons with international cohorts like the Whitehall Study and the EPIC Study.
Findings from ENNS informed French nutritional guidelines, food fortification considerations, and public health interventions coordinated by agencies including the Haute Autorité de santé, the Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail, and the Ministère de la Santé et des Solidarités; results were used to refine national reference values for nutrients, to target campaigns by public actors such as the Programme National Nutrition Santé, and to support regulatory discussions involving the European Commission and the World Health Organization. ENNS data were integrated into surveillance systems operated by Santé publique France and cited in scientific publications from institutions including Inserm Unit laboratories and university research centers like Université Paris Diderot.
Critiques of ENNS mirrored general limitations of cross‑sectional nutrition surveys: reliance on self‑reported dietary intake subject to recall bias as discussed in literature by researchers at King's College London, potential underrepresentation of marginalized populations similar to concerns raised in studies by Médecins Sans Frontières, and limited temporal resolution compared with longitudinal cohorts such as the EPIC Study or the Framingham Heart Study. Additional methodological critiques concerned single‑occasion 24‑hour recalls versus repeated measures advocated by statisticians at institutions like the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and the need for expanded biomarker panels recommended by experts affiliated with the National Institutes of Health and the European Food Safety Authority.
Category:Health surveys in France