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| Food Expenditure Series | |
|---|---|
| Name | Food Expenditure Series |
| Type | Statistical series |
| Subject | Household consumption |
| Frequency | Quarterly/Annual |
| Established | 20th century |
| Maintained by | National statistical offices; international organizations |
Food Expenditure Series provides longitudinal measures of household spending on food and beverages across time and populations, used by analysts of United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Eurostat and national offices such as the United States Census Bureau, Office for National Statistics, Statistics Canada, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Statistics New Zealand for monitoring welfare, inflation, and dietary change. These series intersect with work by researchers at institutions like Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Oxford, London School of Economics, Yale University and agencies such as the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization that relate expenditure to nutrition, health, and trade.
A Food Expenditure Series quantifies household or national outlays on edible goods and nonalcoholic beverages within a defined temporal and geographic frame, using classification systems such as the Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose, Central Product Classification, and national COICOP variants maintained by United Nations Statistical Commission. Coverage may include purchases from retailers, markets, restaurants, and informal vendors tracked by Bureau of Labor Statistics, INEGI, Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, Statistisk sentralbyrå and similar agencies. The series often interfaces with price indices like the Consumer Price Index, Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index and with household surveys like the Living Standards Measurement Study, American Community Survey, EU Household Budget Survey, and censuses administered by institutions such as INE, IBGE, GUS, and DST.
Compilation draws on periodic household expenditure surveys, retail scanner data from corporations such as Nielsen, IRI (company), administrative tax records from authorities like Internal Revenue Service or HM Revenue and Customs, and national accounts compiled by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Sampling frameworks often follow standards set by International Labour Organization guidelines and use weighting schemes designed by statistical offices like Statistics Netherlands and Deutsche Bundesbank. Price adjustments employ index methods developed in studies at Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, European Central Bank, Bank of England, and methodology research from National Bureau of Economic Research, RAND Corporation, Brookings Institution, and Institute for Fiscal Studies.
Longitudinal series reveal structural shifts documented in studies by scholars at Princeton University, Columbia University, University of Chicago, Stanford University, Cornell University, and Johns Hopkins University: declines in food budget shares during the Industrial Revolution aftermath in Western countries, postwar real-income-induced transitions studied in relation to the Marshall Plan, the rise of supermarket chains such as Tesco, Walmart, Carrefour and changes in supply chains linked to events like the 1973 oil crisis, 1997 Asian financial crisis, 2008 financial crisis, and COVID-19 pandemic. Analyses reference agricultural revolutions associated with Green Revolution, trade liberalization under World Trade Organization and price shocks during episodes like the 2007–2008 world food price crisis.
Empirical work attributes variation in food expenditure to income effects described in models from Angus Deaton, Amartya Sen and Simon Kuznets; demographic influences examined in research at University of California, Berkeley, UCLA, McGill University and University of Toronto; urbanization trends studied with reference to United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs urban reports; and technological change associated with firms like Amazon and Alibaba Group. Policy shocks — subsidies administered by bodies such as United States Department of Agriculture, European Commission, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan), or tariff changes under agreements like North American Free Trade Agreement and Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership — alter series trajectories. Cultural and epidemiological factors considered by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Pan American Health Organization also shape expenditure composition.
Comparative datasets produced by World Bank, OECD, UNICEF, International Labour Organization, Asian Development Bank, African Development Bank, and regional statistical agencies enable cross-country benchmarking among economies such as United States, China, India, Japan, Germany, France, Brazil, South Africa, Nigeria, Mexico, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, Russia, Indonesia, Turkey and others. Researchers use harmonization protocols developed by International Comparison Program and methodology papers from Penn World Table and Global Consumption Database to adjust for purchasing power parity and household composition as in studies by European Central Bank and IMF staff.
Policymakers at World Health Organization, FAO, UNICEF, European Commission, national ministries of finance and health, and advocacy organizations such as Oxfam and World Vision use food expenditure series to design social protection programs, target food assistance like Food Stamp Program / Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, evaluate tax reforms implemented by HM Treasury or U.S. Department of the Treasury, and assess the impact of market interventions from entities like Food Corporation of India. Researchers employ series in modeling by groups such as IFPRI, CGIAR, International Food Policy Research Institute, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation-funded projects and humanitarian operations coordinated by United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
Critiques from academics at University of Cambridge, Princeton, Yale, University of Pennsylvania and watchdogs like Transparency International point to sampling bias in household surveys administered by national agencies, underreporting in informal sectors common in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, classification inconsistencies across agencies such as Eurostat and UN Statistics Division, and measurement error when scanner data from Nielsen and IRI (company) exclude market segments. Additional concerns noted by analysts at International Monetary Fund and World Bank include timeliness around crises like COVID-19 pandemic, comparability across currencies without purchasing power parity adjustments, and the difficulty of separating quantity from price effects during commodity shocks exemplified by the 2007–2008 world food price crisis.
Category:Statistical series