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| First Brazilian Republic (Old Republic) | |
|---|---|
| Name | First Brazilian Republic |
| Native name | República Velha |
| Common name | Old Republic |
| Era | Interwar period |
| Government | Presidential federal republic |
| Year start | 1889 |
| Year end | 1930 |
| Event start | Proclamation of the Republic |
| Date start | 15 November 1889 |
| Event end | Revolution of 1930 |
| Date end | 3 October 1930 |
| Capital | Brasília |
| Common languages | Portuguese language |
| Currency | Brazilian real |
First Brazilian Republic (Old Republic) The First Brazilian Republic (Old Republic) was the period of Brazilian history from 1889 to 1930 following the Proclamation of the Republic and preceding the Vargas Era, marked by oligarchic rule, regional coalitions, and military influence. It witnessed interplay among powerful states like São Paulo (state), Minas Gerais, and Rio Grande do Sul, major export markets such as United Kingdom and United States of America, and conflicts including the Canudos War and Contestado War.
The end of the Empire of Brazil under Pedro II of Brazil followed tensions among military officers in the Brazilian Army, civilian elites in Rio de Janeiro (city), and republican activists influenced by Benjamin Constant Botelho de Magalhães and Deodoro da Fonseca. Republicanism drew on ideas from Positivism, links to the Republican Party (Brazil) and elites in São Paulo (state), and reactions to policies by Viscount of Ouro Preto and debates over abolition of slavery after the Lei Áurea. On 15 November 1889 coup leaders including Deodoro da Fonseca and Floriano Peixoto toppled the monarchy and proclaimed a federal republic amid uncertainty with figures such as Rui Barbosa and organizations like the Brazilian Navy shaping the immediate transition.
The constitution of 1891, influenced by models from the United States Constitution and political thought from Benjamin Constant Botelho de Magalhães, established a federal system with a strong presidency occupied by Deodoro da Fonseca and later Floriano Peixoto, Prudente de Morais, Campos Sales, Rodrigues Alves, Afonso Pena, Nilo Peçanha, Hermes da Fonseca, and Washington Luís. Power networks centered on state oligarchies such as the São Paulo (state) coffee elites and Minas Gerais landlords, mediated by institutions like the Independent Republican Party and patronage through the Coronelismo system. Elections often featured interference by state governors like Júlio Prestes and federal interventions from presidents, while legal frameworks such as the Constitution of 1891 codified federalism, separation of powers, and civil rights contested by movements like Anarchism in Brazil and Labour movement (Brazil).
The export-led economy revolved around coffee plantations in São Paulo (state), cattle ranching in Rio Grande do Sul (state), and mineral exports from Minas Gerais. International trade linked Brazil with United Kingdom, United States of America, Germany, and Argentina, with finance shaped by institutions such as the Banco do Brasil and debt crises during the Encilhamento aftermath. Rural society was dominated by landowners such as the coronéis, while urban centers like São Paulo (city) and Rio de Janeiro (city) expanded with immigrants from Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Japan. Labor unrest involved organizations like the Brazilian Workers' Confederation and strikes influenced by Anarcho-syndicalism and debates over social legislation advanced by politicians including Joaquim Nabuco and activists such as Luís Carlos Prestes later in the period.
Politics were dominated by the informal pact between elites of São Paulo (state) and Minas Gerais, commonly called the "coffee with milk" alliance, alternating power among presidents like Campos Sales and Rodrigues Alves and clients in state governments such as Paulistas and Mineiros. This system marginalized other regions including Northeast Region, Brazil and Amazonas (Brazilian state), provoking regional parties like the Federalist Revolutionary Movement and figures like Getúlio Vargas from Rio Grande do Sul (state). Regional patronage networks linked state legislatures, municipal bosses, and federal appointments through political machines such as those of Júlio Prestes and Washington Luís.
The Brazilian Navy and Brazilian Army played central roles in politics, evident in interventions like the Revolta da Armada and leadership of Floriano Peixoto. Rural rebellions included the Canudos War led by Antônio Conselheiro and the Contestado War involving messianic leaders in southern Brazil; both conflicts pitted federal forces against millenarian movements and settlers. Tenentismo emerged with young officers such as Luís Carlos Prestes and Juarez Távora staging uprisings like the Coluna Prestes, challenging oligarchic rule and inspiring later revolutionary coalitions including allies of Getúlio Vargas.
Cultural life saw modernization in cities with contributions from artists and intellectuals like Mário de Andrade, Oswald de Andrade, Tarsila do Amaral, Anita Malfatti, and writers such as Machado de Assis and Euclides da Cunha. Movements like Modernism (Brazilian movement) debuted at the Week of Modern Art (1922) in São Paulo (city), influencing literature, visual arts, and music alongside composers like Heitor Villa-Lobos and presses such as Correio Paulistano. Scientific institutions including the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro predecessors and legal debates involving jurists like Rui Barbosa shaped legal and educational reforms, while popular religious movements interacted with cultural expressions in regions like Bahia (state) and Pernambuco (state).
Economic shocks from the Great Depression and political crises culminating in contested elections involving Júlio Prestes and Getúlio Vargas eroded the "coffee with milk" pact and led to the Revolution of 1930, where military figures, regional leaders from Rio Grande do Sul (state), and politicians like Washington Luís were overthrown. The revolt drew on tenentista networks, urban workers, and dissident oligarchs, resulting in Vargas assuming leadership and initiating the Vargas Era, ending the oligarchic republic and reshaping Brazilian institutions such as the Ministry of Labour and national policies toward industrialization and centralization.
Category:Republics of Brazil