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| Fifth Republic of the Philippines | |
|---|---|
| Conventional long name | Fifth Republic of the Philippines |
| Common name | Philippines |
| Capital | Manila |
| Largest city | Quezon City |
| Official languages | Filipino, English |
| Government type | Presidential unitary state (since constitutional change) |
| President | Ferdinand Marcos Jr. (incumbent) |
| Area km2 | 300000 |
| Population estimate | 110000000 |
| Currency | Philippine peso |
| Time zone | Philippine Standard Time |
Fifth Republic of the Philippines is a term used by analysts and commentators to designate the contemporary constitutional and political order in the Philippines that followed the constitutional revision and electoral realignments of the 2010s–2020s. It marks a period of institutional reconfiguration associated with a significant constitutional amendment, the prominence of political families such as the Marcos family and the Duterte family, and shifts in policy orientation involving actors like Rodrigo Duterte, Ferdinand Marcos Jr., and major parties including PDP–Laban and Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan. The term is contested in Philippine politics discourse and appears in analysis alongside events such as the People Power Revolution and the administrations of Benigno Aquino III and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
Scholars trace the origins to constitutional debates following the 2016 Philippine presidential election and the subsequent 1986 Constitutional Commission legacy, intensified by proposed amendments during the Bangsamoro process and periodic charter change campaigns led by legislators such as Alan Peter Cayetano and Lord Allan Jay Velasco. Constitutional amendment initiatives cited models from the United States Constitution and the Constitution of Japan, while critics invoked precedents from the 1973 Philippine constitution and the era of Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos. High-profile legal challenges reached the Supreme Court of the Philippines and entailed interventions by institutions such as the Commission on Elections and the House of Representatives of the Philippines.
Leadership in this period features figures like Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr., Sara Duterte, Leni Robredo, and party leaders from Lakas–CMD, Nacionalista Party, and NUP. Executive-legislative relations involved the Senate of the Philippines and dynamics with the Commission on Audit and the Ombudsman, while administrative reforms referenced practices from the Civil Service Commission and the National Economic and Development Authority. Cabinet appointments drew officials from institutions such as the Department of Finance, Department of Foreign Affairs, and Department of National Defense.
Economic policy during the period engaged agencies like the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas and the Department of Trade and Industry and referenced treaties such as the ASEAN Free Trade Area. Reforms targeted sectors overseen by the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Health, and the Department of Education, with programs influenced by institutions like the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank. Fiscal measures involved laws passed in the House of Representatives of the Philippines and the Senate of the Philippines, responding to crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and commodity disruptions tied to global events like the Russo-Ukrainian War.
Foreign policy pivoted among actors including the Department of Foreign Affairs, the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and the Philippine Navy. Strategic relationships with the United States, China, Japan, and Australia were managed alongside multilateral engagement in the ASEAN and institutions like the United Nations. Security policy addressed territorial disputes in the South China Sea, invoking rulings such as the Philippines v. China arbitration and partnerships like the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement and cooperation with the Quad partners in practical security arrangements.
Debates on rights featured actors such as Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and the Commission on Human Rights. Controversies included policies associated with war on drugs campaigns, prosecutions by the Department of Justice, and court decisions from the Supreme Court of the Philippines. Public health campaigns referenced the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation and global responses coordinated with the World Health Organization. Indigenous and minority concerns involved communities represented by groups linked to the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples and legal instruments such as the Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997.
Legal reform efforts engaged the Supreme Court of the Philippines, the Court of Appeals, and bar groups like the Integrated Bar of the Philippines. Legislative initiatives addressed codes codified in laws such as the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020, tax legislation debated in the House of Representatives of the Philippines, and electoral rules administered by the Commission on Elections. Institutional strengthening involved audit work by the Commission on Audit and anti-corruption measures coordinated with entities like the Ombudsman and international partners such as the United Nations Development Programme.
Opposition movements mobilized around figures including Leni Robredo, Kiko Pangilinan, Leila de Lima, and civil society organizations like Bayan Muna, Kilusang Mayo Uno, and student groups linked to universities such as the University of the Philippines. Mass actions referenced historic moments like the EDSA II and drew commentary from media outlets including ABS-CBN and Philippine Daily Inquirer. Electoral contests were mediated by institutions such as the Commission on Elections and observed by international delegations from bodies similar to the European Union Election Observation Mission.
Category:Politics of the Philippines Category:History of the Philippines (1986–present)