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| Erysiphe necator | |
|---|---|
| Name | Erysiphe necator |
| Regnum | Fungi |
| Phylum | Ascomycota |
| Classis | Leotiomycetes |
| Ordo | Erysiphales |
| Familia | Erysiphaceae |
| Genus | Erysiphe |
| Species | necator |
Erysiphe necator is a species of powdery mildew fungus that infects grapevines and causes a disease commonly termed grape powdery mildew. It is a major pathogen in viticulture regions worldwide, affecting wine, table grape, and raisin production and prompting extensive research by institutions, growers, and regulatory agencies.
Erysiphe necator was originally described under different names as taxonomic concepts evolved, with historical treatments by mycologists in Europe and North America reflected in revisions at herbaria such as the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the United States National Fungus Collections. Modern molecular phylogenetics involving laboratories at universities like the University of California, Davis, Cornell University, and INRAE have placed the species in the genus Erysiphe within the order Erysiphales, corroborating morphological work from institutions like the Field Museum and the Natural History Museum, London. Nomenclatural changes have been debated in monographs and journals associated with the American Phytopathological Society, the International Mycological Association, the Botanical Society of America, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, leading to standardized names used by plant protection services such as the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization and the United States Department of Agriculture.
The fungus produces white to gray superficial mycelium and conidia on grape tissues, structures characterized in microscopy studies at facilities including the Marine Biological Laboratory, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Max Planck Institute. Sexual structures (chasmothecia) form on infected tissues and were detailed in electron microscopy work conducted at institutions like the California Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research. Life-cycle studies integrating field trials by vineyards associated with Château Margaux, Opus One, and Concha y Toro, and academic trials at Oregon State University, Washington State University, and Stellenbosch University, have elucidated primary inoculum sources, asexual sporulation, and overwintering phases relevant to climatology centers such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the World Meteorological Organization.
Erysiphe necator primarily infects Vitis species, with susceptibility documented across varietal collections maintained by institutions like the U.S. Department of Agriculture grape germplasm repository, the University of Burgundy, and the University of Adelaide. Symptom descriptions published in extension materials from Cornell Cooperative Extension, University of California Cooperative Extension, and the Victorian Department of Primary Industries include powdery mycelial mats on leaves, shoots, clusters, and berries, with secondary effects noted in studies by the Australian Wine Research Institute, the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, and the International Organisation of Vine and Wine. Reports of incidental infection or symptom confusion with other pathogens have involved comparisons to pathogens studied at the Rothamsted Research, the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, and the John Innes Centre.
Epidemiological patterns of Erysiphe necator have been modeled using datasets from the European Commission, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Plant Protection Convention, and national plant protection organizations like the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Disease forecasting systems developed in collaboration with research centers such as the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, the Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, and the University of Porto integrate climate data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and the Met Office. Pathogen population genetics and migration studies by teams at the University of Montpellier, Virginia Tech, and the University of Milan have traced introductions and clonal lineages linked to trade records managed by the World Trade Organization and customs agencies, influencing quarantine measures administered by agencies including the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs.
Integrated management strategies involving cultural practices, resistant cultivars, and fungicide programs have been developed by cooperative research programs linking vineyards such as those of Baron Philippe de Rothschild, the Harlan Estate, and Bodegas Torres with academic partners including Penn State Extension, Kansas State University, and the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Chemical control recommendations reference active ingredients registered by regulatory authorities such as the Environmental Protection Agency, Health Canada, and the European Chemicals Agency, while resistance breeding efforts involve genetics groups at the John Innes Centre, INRAE, and the University of California, Davis. Biological control trials have engaged companies and institutions such as BASF, Bayer, Novozymes, and the International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, and extension outreach on canopy management and sanitation has been propagated through the International Organization for Biological Control, the Southern African-German Centre for Development Research, and state extension services.
Economic assessments quantifying losses and management costs have been produced by industry organizations including the Wine Institute, the International Organisation of Vine and Wine, the California Association of Winegrape Growers, and national statistics offices such as the U.S. Census Bureau and Statistics Canada. Outbreaks influence commodity markets tracked by exchanges such as the Chicago Board of Trade and policy decisions by ministries including the French Ministry of Agriculture and Food and the Australian Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. The pathogen’s impact has also driven collaborations among philanthropic foundations, trade associations, and research funders like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the European Research Council, and the U.S. National Science Foundation to support resistant cultivar development, fungicide stewardship, and sustainable viticulture practices.
Category:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases