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| Engineering Structures | |
|---|---|
| Name | Engineering Structures |
| Type | Applied science |
| Field | Civil engineering, Structural engineering |
Engineering Structures Engineering structures are constructed works that carry loads and provide utility, spanning bridges, buildings, towers, dams, and offshore platforms. They integrate principles from Isaac Newton, Leonhard Euler, Gustave Eiffel, John Smeaton, and institutions such as American Society of Civil Engineers, Institution of Civil Engineers, and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to meet functional, safety, and longevity requirements.
Engineering structures encompass fixed and movable works like the Tower Bridge, Golden Gate Bridge, Hoover Dam, Burj Khalifa, and Eiffel Tower. Study and practice draw on historical projects such as Pont du Gard, Pantheon, Rome, Roman Aqueducts, Millau Viaduct, and Sydney Opera House and on modern programs at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Imperial College London, ETH Zurich, Tsinghua University, and Tokyo Institute of Technology. Prominent designers and firms include Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Fazlur Rahman Khan, Santiago Calatrava, Norman Foster, and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.
Common classes include bridges (e.g. Brooklyn Bridge, Akashi Kaikyō Bridge, Forth Bridge), buildings (e.g. Empire State Building, One World Trade Center), dams (e.g. Three Gorges Dam, Aswan High Dam), towers (e.g. CN Tower, Tokyo Skytree), and offshore platforms (e.g. Brent oilfield, Piper Alpha). Specialized structures include tunnels (e.g. Channel Tunnel), retaining walls (e.g. Hoover Dam), and movable structures like Millennium Dome mechanisms. Historical typologies reference works by Vitruvius and engineering milestones such as Industrial Revolution era developments associated with James Watt and George Stephenson.
Design relies on analytical methods from Leonhard Euler buckling theory, Stephen Timoshenko beam theory, and computational practices developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory and CERN for complex simulations. Engineers apply load and resistance factor design from bodies like American Institute of Steel Construction and finite element analysis tools originating in research at Stanford University and University of Cambridge. Reliability concepts reference probabilistic methods advanced by Waloddi Weibull and frameworks used by National Institute of Standards and Technology and Eurocodes committees.
Primary materials include steel produced by companies such as ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel, concrete influenced by admixture research at LafargeHolcim and timber sourced through standards from Canadian Wood Council. Composite technologies derive from work at Boeing and NASA for aerospace-grade materials adapted to civil use. Construction techniques trace to innovations by John Smeaton for hydraulic lime, by Fazlur Rahman Khan for tubular systems, and by contractors like Bechtel Corporation and Vinci employing methods such as incremental launching, slipforming, and prefabrication showcased on projects like Gotthard Base Tunnel.
Key loads include dead load, live load, wind load characterized by studies from Gustave Eiffel wind tunnel experiments, seismic loading modeled from records like the 1960 Valdivia earthquake and frameworks like those developed after the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. Hydrodynamic and wave loads reference analyses used for Offshore platforms in the North Sea such as the Brent oilfield designs. Fatigue and fracture mechanics employ principles from Alan Arnold Griffith and testing standards from American Society for Testing and Materials and British Standards Institution.
Inspection regimes follow protocols promulgated by American Society of Civil Engineers reports and post-disaster investigations like those after the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse and the I-35W Mississippi River bridge collapse. Non-destructive evaluation techniques draw on developments at Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories using ultrasonic, radiographic, and acoustic emission methods. Rehabilitation projects cite prestressing methods demonstrated on the Golden Gate Bridge retrofit and cathodic protection applications informed by research at National Association of Corrosion Engineers.
Design and construction comply with codes such as the Eurocodes, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7, International Building Code, and national regulations from agencies like Federal Highway Administration and Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Japan). Certification and professional practice are governed by bodies including the Institution of Civil Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers, and licensing boards like state US state engineering licenses; liability and procurement are shaped by cases and frameworks involving firms such as Bechtel Corporation and standards organizations like International Organization for Standardization and British Standards Institution.