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Critique Critique denotes systematic evaluation and interpretation used across artistic, philosophical, and institutional contexts to assess merit, meaning, or fault. It functions as method and practice in relationship to works, ideas, and practices associated with figures such as Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Nietzsche, Karl Marx, and institutions like the Royal Society, Academy of Sciences, and Variety (magazine).
The term derives from the Greek κρίσις via Immanuel Kant's use in Critique of Pure Reason and its reception in Enlightenment debates involving Voltaire, Denis Diderot, David Hume, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Adam Smith. Early modern translations circulated in networks linking the Royal Society, the Académie Française, the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, and publications such as the Encyclopédie. Lexical histories trace influences from Herodotus, Aristotle, Plato, St. Augustine, and medieval commentators in Chartres and Salamanca.
Critical practice evolved through episodes like the Renaissance patronage of Mecenatism, the scholarly methods of Niccolò Machiavelli, and the philological studies of Giovanni Boccaccio and Petrarch. The rise of periodicals including The Spectator, Le Monde, The Times (London), Die Zeit, and The New Yorker professionalized criticism alongside institutions such as the British Museum, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Glastonbury Festival, and the Venice Biennale. The 19th century saw disciplinary codifications influenced by Alexandre Dumas, Charles Baudelaire, George Eliot, Matthew Arnold, and academic chairs at Harvard University, University of Paris, and University of Berlin.
Methods range from formal analysis practiced by critics affiliated with Guggenheim Museum, Tate Modern, Museum of Modern Art, and reviewers in The Times Literary Supplement to sociological critique advanced by Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, Pierre Bourdieu, Antonio Gramsci, and Michel Foucault. Comparative critique occurs in journals like Comparative Literature, New Left Review, The Atlantic, and platforms such as Salon (website), while feminist critique links to activists and theorists around Simone de Beauvoir, Judith Butler, bell hooks, Angela Davis, and organizations like National Organization for Women. Textual, rhetorical, and hermeneutic methods draw on precedents in Horace, Longinus, Saussure, Noam Chomsky, Roman Jakobson, and the editorial practices of Cambridge University Press.
In arts and literature, reviewers at The Guardian, Le Figaro, The New York Times Book Review, Kurier, and curators from Louvre Museum, Prado Museum, Uffizi Gallery, and Smithsonian Institution mediate public reception, influence markets like Sotheby's and Christie's, and shape canons alongside authors such as William Shakespeare, Miguel de Cervantes, Leo Tolstoy, Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, T.S. Eliot, Gabriel García Márquez, and Toni Morrison. Critique informs festivals and awards including the Pulitzer Prize, Booker Prize, Nobel Prize in Literature, Cannes Film Festival, and institutions like Royal Opera House, impacting conservation at places like Metropolitan Museum of Art and scholarly editions from Oxford University Press.
Philosophical critique functions through lineages exemplified by Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Sigmund Freud, Martin Heidegger, Theodor W. Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Julia Kristeva, Slavoj Žižek, and movements centered in institutes such as the Frankfurt School, Collège de France, Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, and conferences at Sorbonne. It interrogates concepts in texts like Dialectic of Enlightenment, Being and Time, Capital, and debates hosted by journals such as Dialectical Anthropology, Constellations, and Critical Inquiry.
Scientific critique appears in peer review systems at journals including Nature (journal), Science (journal), The Lancet, Cell (journal), and editorial boards of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), shaping replication efforts exemplified by controversies involving teams at Stanford University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Max Planck Society, and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Methodological critique informs statistical debates referencing figures like Ronald Fisher, Jerzy Neyman, Karl Pearson, John Tukey, and policy at funders such as the National Science Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and European Research Council.
In public discourse, op-eds and investigative pieces in The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, Der Spiegel, The Times (London), and broadcasts by BBC, CNN, Al Jazeera, and NHK perform critique that intersects with movements such as Civil Rights Movement, Suffragette movement, Black Lives Matter, Occupy Wall Street, and institutions like United Nations, European Union, World Bank, and International Criminal Court. Political critique engages thinkers from John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Alexis de Tocqueville, Hannah Arendt, Milton Friedman, John Rawls, Noam Chomsky, and organizations including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch.