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| Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale | |
|---|---|
| Name | Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale |
| Abbreviation | CD-RISC |
| Developer | Stuart Connor; Jonathan R. Davidson |
| Introduced | 2003 |
| Purpose | Resilience assessment |
| Type | Self-report questionnaire |
| Items | 25 (original); 10, 2 (short forms) |
| Scoring | Likert scale |
Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale is a psychometric instrument created to quantify individual resilience. It was introduced by Stuart Connor and Jonathan R. Davidson and quickly entered use in clinical settings such as Mayo Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, and research centers including National Institute of Mental Health, Harvard Medical School, and Johns Hopkins University. The instrument has been applied across investigations led by figures like Steven M. Southwick, Dennis Charney, Michelle G. Craske, Bessel van der Kolk, and institutions such as University College London, King's College London, University of Oxford, and Stanford University.
The scale emerged from collaborations between clinicians and researchers affiliated with Yale University, Columbia University, Duke University, University of Pennsylvania, and the University of California, Los Angeles aiming to operationalize resilience for studies influenced by work from Aaron Antonovsky, Viktor Frankl, Martin Seligman, and Emmy Werner. Early validation studies involved patient samples from Veterans Affairs, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization, and academic cohorts tied to University of Michigan, University of Minnesota, and University of Toronto. Funders and stakeholders included National Institutes of Health, Wellcome Trust, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and private foundations associated with researchers at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital.
The original instrument comprised 25 items with a 5-point Likert response format, developed alongside shorter forms of 10 and 2 items to accommodate settings similar to brief screens used at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Brigham and Women's Hospital. Scoring produces a total resilience score; normative comparisons have been published by teams at University of California, San Diego, Vanderbilt University, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and University of Edinburgh. Short-form adoption has parallels with brief instruments used at American Psychological Association conferences and trials registered with ClinicalTrials.gov overseen by investigators at Yale School of Medicine and Columbia School of Public Health.
Psychometric evaluation involved analyses undertaken by statisticians and methodologists from Princeton University, University of Chicago, London School of Economics, and University of Cambridge using techniques promoted by scholars at University of Southern California and Cornell University. Studies reported internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and construct validity in populations sampled through Veterans Health Administration, United Kingdom National Health Service, Australian National University, McGill University, and Peking University Health Science Center. Factor analytic work drew on methods advocated by researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Imperial College London and compared resilience structure across cohorts examined by teams at Karolinska Institute, University of Sao Paulo, and Seoul National University.
The instrument has been used in clinical trials and cohort studies at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Yale Child Study Center, University of Washington, University of California, San Francisco, and Boston Children's Hospital to examine resilience in contexts including trauma recovery studied by Dara S. Schatz, Rachel Yehuda, and Judith Herman. It appears in research on PTSD, depression, anxiety, chronic illness, and occupational stress involving collaborations with World Bank programs, United Nations Children's Fund, and Doctors Without Borders field studies. Large-scale epidemiological studies incorporating the scale were coordinated by teams at National Cancer Institute, Institute for Fiscal Studies, and German Research Foundation-funded groups.
Translation and adaptation projects have been conducted for languages of researchers at University of Tokyo, Peking University, University of Cape Town, University of Buenos Aires, University of Barcelona, University of Rome La Sapienza, University of Copenhagen, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, University of Oslo, and University of Helsinki. Cross-cultural validation studies referenced methodologies from International Test Commission guidelines and engaged centers such as Monash University, University of Auckland, National Taiwan University, and University of Hong Kong. National adaptations supported research by investigators associated with Fondazione IRCCS, Institut Pasteur, and Max Planck Society.
Critiques have been raised in commentaries from scholars at Rutgers University, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Ohio State University, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, and Tulane University about factor stability and the conflation of trait versus state resilience. Debates appearing in journals edited at Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell, Springer Nature, and Oxford University Press questioned cross-population metric invariance and sensitivity to change in trials endorsed by European Medicines Agency and Food and Drug Administration oversight committees. Methodological limitations noted by investigators at University of Pittsburgh, University of Arizona, and University of British Columbia include potential response bias and ceiling effects in select cohorts recruited from Harvard Kennedy School-led longitudinal projects.
Administration is typically self-report, paper or electronic, with protocols used in clinical services at Kaiser Permanente, Sutter Health, Veterans Health Administration, and research centers at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and Salk Institute. Interpretation guidelines align with normative data reported by teams at University of Glasgow, University of Zurich, and Trinity College Dublin and are integrated into study designs at RAND Corporation and Pew Research Center. Training for clinicians and researchers has been offered by professional groups including American Psychiatric Association, British Psychological Society, Canadian Psychological Association, and academic continuing education at University of California Continuing Education.
Category:Psychological assessment instruments