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| Comunidad Mapuche-Aonikenk | |
|---|---|
| Group | Comunidad Mapuche-Aonikenk |
| Population | est. unknown |
| Regions | Patagonia, Araucanía, Santa Cruz, Chubut |
| Languages | Mapudungun, Tehuelche (Aonikenk), Spanish |
| Religions | Indigenous beliefs, Christianity |
Comunidad Mapuche-Aonikenk is an indigenous community combining elements of the Mapuche and Aonikenk (Tehuelche) peoples in southern Argentina and parts of Chile. The community's formation reflects interactions among groups such as the Pehuenche, Huilliche, and Selk'nam during processes tied to events like the Conquest of the Desert, the Mapuche–Chilean negotiation episodes, and regional migrations linked to the Patagonian campaigns. Contemporary relevance engages institutions including the National Institute of Indigenous Affairs (Argentina), the National Corporation for Indigenous Development (Chile), and international bodies like the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
The compound designation combines Mapuche—a term codified during contacts with Diego de Almagro and later used in texts by Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, Vicente Pérez Rosales, and Paul Rivet—with Aonikenk (also known in sources as Tehuelche), a name appearing in works by Félix de Azara, Rodolfo Kusch, and researchers at the Museo de La Plata. Scholarly debates involve authors like Arturo Ardao, Adolfo de Castro, and Ricardo E. Latcham over ethnonyms recorded in the Archivo General de la Nación (Argentina) and the Archivo Nacional de Chile.
Historical trajectories intersect with colonial episodes such as the Spanish conquest of Chile, frontier dynamics during the War of the Pacific, and 19th-century campaigns like the Conquest of the Desert led by figures including Julio Argentino Roca and contemporaries mentioned in military chronicles alongside Florencio Varela and Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. Contacts with explorers Ferdinand Magellan, Charles Darwin, and Francisco P. Moreno influenced ethnographic records archived at institutions like the British Museum, the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (Chile), and the Museo Etnográfico Juan B. Ambrosetti. Twentieth-century mobilizations connected community members to movements including the Indigenous Mapuche movement, legal cases before the Supreme Court of Chile, activism linked to leaders such as Leopoldo López (different contexts), and cultural revival initiatives coordinated with the Universidad de Chile and the Universidad Nacional del Comahue.
Territorial presence spans sectors of Patagonia, including provinces like Neuquén Province, Río Negro Province, Santa Cruz Province, and regions such as Araucanía Region and Los Lagos Region. Landscapes reference geographic features including the Andes, Valdivian temperate rain forests, Lago Nahuel Huapi, Estepa Patagónica, and the Golfo Nuevo. Boundaries intersect protected areas like Nahuel Huapi National Park and historical routes used by caravans recorded in the Camino Real, with land claims presented before agencies such as the Servicio de Cooperación Técnica and adjudicated in forums like the Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos.
Cultural life incorporates ceremonies and artistic expressions linked to the nguillatún, musical forms involving the kultrun and trutruka, and craftsmanship comparable to works in collections of the Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino and the Museo de La Plata. Social institutions share affinities with kinship systems described by anthropologists such as Claude Lévi-Strauss, Leopoldo Maggio, and Martín Gusinde. Festivals engage neighboring communities including the Selk'nam revival groups, urban organizations in Buenos Aires, and cultural programs at the Teatro Municipal de Santiago.
Linguistic identity involves Mapudungun and remnants of Aonikenk language (Tehuelche) documented by linguists like Robert L. Tronnier, Suzanne Romaine, and researchers at the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and the Instituto de la Lengua Mapuche (Lafkenche projects). Language revitalization draws on pedagogical models from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, comparative frameworks used in studies of Yaghan language and Selk'nam language, and international instruments such as the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
Subsistence patterns reflect pastoralism with sheep herding introduced during contacts with Welsh settlers in Patagonia and land uses influenced by policies from Gobierno de la Provincia de Chubut and Gobierno de la Provincia de Santa Cruz. Economic activities include artisanal production sold through outlets linked to the Consejo de las Comunidades Indígenas and participation in ecotourism around sites like Ruta 40 and Carretera Austral, often mediated by cooperatives modeled after initiatives in Chiloe and financing programs of the Banco Nación and the Banco del Estado de Chile.
Political structures combine traditional authorities recognized by organizations such as the Consejo de Todas las Tierras and engagement with state institutions including the Instituto Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas and the Corporación Nacional de Desarrollo Indígena. Legal claims reference instruments like the Ley 26.160 in Argentina, the Ley Indígena (Chile) debates, and jurisprudence involving the Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación and the Corte Suprema de Chile. International advocacy has involved petitions to bodies such as the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and litigation tools used in cases before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
Category:Indigenous peoples of Argentina Category:Indigenous peoples of Chile