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| Community-Based Coastal Resource Management (CBCRM) | |
|---|---|
| Name | Community-Based Coastal Resource Management |
| Abbreviation | CBCRM |
| Focus | Coastal conservation; fisheries management; community participation |
| Regions | Global |
Community-Based Coastal Resource Management (CBCRM) is a localized approach to sustaining coastal ecosystems by placing resource stewardship and decision-making authority in the hands of communities. It integrates participatory planning, customary institutions, scientific monitoring, and adaptive management to conserve habitats, manage fisheries, and support livelihoods. CBCRM often intersects with international frameworks, multilateral organizations, and national policies to reconcile local needs with regional conservation targets.
CBCRM emphasizes principles drawn from participatory development and environmental stewardship as practiced by actors like United Nations Environment Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Wide Fund for Nature, Conservation International, and The Nature Conservancy. Core tenets include local stewardship, adaptive management, ecosystem-based approaches, precautionary principles, and recognition of customary tenure as observed in locations under the influence of entities such as United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and International Union for Conservation of Nature. Implementation commonly involves partnerships with research institutions like Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and universities such as University of the Philippines, James Cook University, and University of Auckland.
The development of CBCRM traces through milestones in environmental policy and grassroots movements tied to events like the 1987 Brundtland Commission report, the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, and the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. Early experiments emerged alongside projects led by agencies including United States Agency for International Development, Asian Development Bank, European Union programs, and non-governmental initiatives by WorldFish Center and Oxfam. Influential figures and institutions in its evolution include scholars at Yale University and University of Cambridge and practitioners involved with the Ramsar Convention and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Models of CBCRM range from community-conserved areas endorsed by groups like IUCN to co-management regimes negotiated between local councils and ministries such as Department of Environment and Natural Resources (Philippines) or provincial agencies in Queensland, New South Wales, and regions of Indonesia. Practices include participatory mapping with tools developed by Global Environment Facility projects and monitoring protocols based on methods from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Australian Institute of Marine Science. Techniques incorporate habitat restoration used in Great Barrier Reef projects, mangrove replanting applied in Bangladesh and Mozambique, and fisheries closures modeled after community sanctuaries in the Philippine archipelago and Fiji.
Governance frameworks balance statutory laws like fisheries acts enacted by parliaments such as those of Philippines, India, Indonesia, and Kenya with customary practices preserved by indigenous groups including Māori, Lumad, and Dayak. Rights-based approaches intersect with instruments like the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and regional courts such as the Pacific Islands Forum mechanisms. Participation strategies draw on methodologies from Oxfam and CARE International and involve stakeholder forums, local councils, and customary leaders, often mediated by legal frameworks influenced by entities like World Bank conditionalities and national land tenure reforms.
Empirical studies by researchers affiliated with University of California, Santa Barbara, University of British Columbia, and Imperial College London document outcomes including biomass recovery in community-managed fisheries, habitat regeneration in mangrove systems, and resilience gains during climate-linked extreme events such as Cyclone Pam and Typhoon Haiyan. Socioeconomic effects noted in evaluations by International Union for Conservation of Nature and WorldFish include diversified livelihoods, enhanced food security, and strengthened social capital where community institutions align with market access initiatives run by partners like Asian Development Bank and United Nations Development Programme.
Limitations of CBCRM arise from conflicting jurisdictional claims involving ministries of environment and agencies like National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, limited funding from donors such as USAID and European Commission, elite capture documented in case analyses by World Bank and Overseas Development Institute, and enforcement gaps where state capacity is weak as in parts of Somalia or Haiti. Scientific challenges include scaling ecological monitoring pioneered by Scripps Institution of Oceanography and reconciling traditional ecological knowledge acknowledged by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization with standardized metrics favored by funding bodies.
Regional examples span Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. In the Philippines, community-managed marine sanctuaries influenced by programs from Department of Environment and Natural Resources (Philippines) and research by University of the Philippines illustrate localized tenure and enforcement. Indonesian desa and adat systems documented in studies involving CIFOR and Universitas Gadjah Mada show integration with provincial regulations in Aceh and Bali. Pacific Island examples include community-based fisheries management under the guidance of Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme and the Pacific Community. East African initiatives in Kenya and Tanzania connect CBCRM with mangrove conservation supported by WWF and IUCN. Latin American examples in Ecuador and Colombia link community rights with biodiversity corridors promoted by Conservation International and Inter-American Development Bank.
Category:Environmental management