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| Choroid | |
|---|---|
| Name | Choroid |
| Latin | tunica vasculosa bulbi |
| System | Visual system |
| Location | Posterior segment of the eye |
| Blood supply | Ophthalmic artery branches |
Choroid The choroid is a vascular and pigmented layer between the sclera and retina that supports retinal function and thermoregulation. It lies posterior to the ciliary body and anterior to the optic nerve head, integrating with ocular tissues implicated in disorders investigated by clinicians from institutions like Mayo Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Cleveland Clinic, and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. The choroid is central to studies conducted at universities such as Harvard University, Stanford University, University of California, San Francisco, University of Oxford, and University of Cambridge.
The gross anatomy involves the supraciliary space, suprachoroid, choriocapillaris, and Bruch's membrane adjacent to the retinal pigment epithelium; these elements are referenced in atlases from Gray's Anatomy, Netter Publishing, Elsevier, Wolters Kluwer, and the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Landmarks include the ora serrata, macula lutea, fovea centralis, optic disc, and peripapillary zone as described in clinical texts from Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and surgical guides from Royal College of Surgeons. Spatial relationships with the sclera, retina, vitreous body, and optic nerve are emphasized in curricula at Columbia University, Yale University, and University College London.
Microscopic architecture comprises a vascular stroma with melanocytes, fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix separated into layers: Haller's layer of large vessels, Sattler's layer of medium vessels, and the choriocapillaris of capillaries adjacent to Bruch's membrane; these subdivisions appear in histology manuals from Guy's Hospital Medical School, King's College London, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, and University of Michigan Medical School. Cellular constituents include pigmented melanocytes studied in work by researchers affiliated with Max Planck Society, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Electron microscopy descriptions are standard in publications from Nature, Science, The Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine, and JAMA.
Arterial supply primarily originates from the short posterior ciliary arteries and long posterior ciliary arteries, branches of the ophthalmic artery, with drainage via vortex veins into the cavernous sinus system; these pathways are detailed in vascular atlases from American Heart Association and surgical texts from Royal Society of Medicine. Autoregulation involves sympathetic input via the superior cervical ganglion, parasympathetic modulation from the pterygopalatine ganglion, and influences described in reviews from Endocrine Society, Society for Neuroscience, and American Physiological Society. Hemodynamic studies referencing techniques from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), Doppler ultrasound, and investigational methods at NIH Clinical Center examine blood flow dynamics relevant to diseases cataloged by the World Health Organization and treated at centers like Moorfields Eye Hospital.
Primary functions include metabolic support of the outer retina, thermoregulation, light absorption, and participation in intraocular pressure homeostasis; these roles are central to research at National Eye Institute, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Wilmer Eye Institute, and basic science programs at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, California Institute of Technology, and Karolinska Institutet. The choroid contributes to retinal pigment epithelium nutrition, photoreceptor survival, and waste removal mechanisms investigated in collaborations involving Harvard Medical School, University of Tokyo, Seoul National University, and Peking University.
Embryologic origins derive from mesenchymal and neural crest contributions during optic cup formation, with patterning influenced by signaling pathways characterized in work at Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Salk Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, and developmental programs at University of Cambridge. Key morphogenetic events occur during the third to eighth gestational weeks alongside formation of the hyaloid vasculature, optic stalk, and retinal layers, topics covered in textbooks used at Johns Hopkins University, Yale School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Imperial College London.
Pathologies include age-related macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, central serous chorioretinopathy, choroidal melanoma, choroiditis from infectious agents, and pachychoroid spectrum disorders; diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines are published by American Academy of Ophthalmology, European Society of Retina Specialists, International Council of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Ophthalmologists, and cited in journals such as Ophthalmology, Retina, British Journal of Ophthalmology, and American Journal of Ophthalmology. Surgical and medical interventions involve anti-VEGF agents developed by companies like Genentech, Novartis, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, and oncologic management coordinated with centers such as Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and MD Anderson Cancer Center.
Imaging modalities include fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, spectral-domain and swept-source OCT, OCT angiography, B-scan ultrasonography, MRI with contrast, and fundus photography; protocols and interpretation training are offered by American Academy of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Ophthalmologists, Moorfields Eye Hospital, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, and manufacturers including Zeiss, Heidelberg Engineering, Topcon, and Nidek. Clinical trials and multicenter studies conducted through networks like ClinicalTrials.gov, European Medicines Agency, Food and Drug Administration, and academic consortia inform evidence-based imaging strategies used worldwide.
Category:Eye anatomy