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| Chinese mainland | |
|---|---|
| Name | People's Republic of China (mainland) |
| Native name | 中华人民共和国 |
| Capital | Beijing |
| Largest city | Shanghai |
| Official languages | Standard Mandarin |
| Area km2 | 9600000 |
| Population est | 1.4 billion |
| Established | 1 October 1949 |
| Government | Communist Party of China |
Chinese mainland.
The term designates the area under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China excluding the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macau Special Administrative Region, and the territories administered by the Republic of China on Taiwan. It is the primary territorial and administrative base of the Communist Party of China, centered on institutions in Beijing and shaped by events such as the Chinese Civil War and the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949.
Within legal and diplomatic texts, the phrase refers to the contiguous territory administered by the People's Republic of China on the East Asian continent, excluding the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macau Special Administrative Region established under the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration respectively, and excluding areas administered by the Republic of China on Taiwan. Legal instruments such as the Organic Law of the Central People's Government and decisions by the National People's Congress clarify administrative relationships between the central authorities in Beijing and subnational entities like the Province of Guangdong and the Autonomous region of Xinjiang.
The modern political configuration stems from the outcome of the Chinese Civil War between the Chinese Nationalist Party and the Communist Party of China, culminating in the proclamation of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949 in Tiananmen Square. Earlier epochs include imperial dynasties such as the Qing dynasty and the Ming dynasty, incursions by powers involved in the Opium Wars, and republican developments under the Republic of China and leaders like Sun Yat-sen. Key 20th-century events affecting territorial control include the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution, while late-20th- and early-21st-century reforms under leaders like Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin reshaped economic and administrative arrangements.
The territory includes diverse landscapes from the Himalayas along the border with Nepal and India to the plains of the North China Plain and river systems such as the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. Major cities include Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Chongqing. Autonomous areas such as the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the Tibet Autonomous Region, and provinces like Sichuan and Henan host varied ethnic groups including Han Chinese, Uyghurs, Tibetans, and Zhuang people. Demographic policies have been shaped by measures such as the former One-Child Policy and later adjustments enacted by the National Health Commission and legislative bodies in Beijing.
Political authority is dominated by the Communist Party of China, with state organs including the National People's Congress and the State Council seated in Beijing. Central-local relations involve provincial governments in Sichuan and municipal administrations in Shanghai and Tianjin, and legal supervision through institutions such as the Supreme People's Court and the Ministry of Public Security. Policy directions have been influenced by leaders including Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Xi Jinping, and institutions like the Central Military Commission.
The area constitutes a large part of the economic output of the People's Republic of China, featuring manufacturing hubs in the Pearl River Delta, finance centers such as Shanghai and Shenzhen, and industrial belts across Hebei and Liaoning. Economic reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping fostered zones like the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and policies overseen by the People's Bank of China and the National Development and Reform Commission. Major state-owned enterprises include China National Petroleum Corporation, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, and sectors ranging from technology firms in Beijing and Shenzhen to heavy industry in Shaanxi.
Cultural life draws on millennia-old traditions associated with locations like the Forbidden City and the Terracotta Army, while modern literature and arts involve figures linked to movements and institutions in Beijing and Shanghai. Languages include Standard Mandarin and regional languages such as Cantonese and Wu Chinese; religious and philosophical traditions include practitioners associated with Buddhism, Taoism, and communities in Lhasa and Mount Wutai. Educational institutions of note include Peking University and Tsinghua University, and cultural policy interacts with media organizations, publishing houses, and festivals in cities like Guangzhou and Chengdu.
Cross-strait interactions involve institutions and political entities on Taiwan administered by the Republic of China and diplomatic frameworks shaped by agreements and incidents such as the Shanghai Communiqué and the One-China policy as articulated by states including the United States and members of the United Nations. Relations with Hong Kong and Macau are governed by the Basic Law of Hong Kong and the Basic Law of Macau under arrangements negotiated in the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration. International recognition of competing authorities has evolved through events like the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 and bilateral relations with countries such as United States and Japan.
Category:Geography of China Category:Politics of China Category:Economy of China