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| Centro-Oeste Region (Brazil) | |
|---|---|
| Name | Centro-Oeste Region |
| Native name | Região Centro-Oeste |
| Settlement type | Region |
| Area total km2 | 1659154.0 |
| Population total | 16700000 |
| Population as of | 2020 |
| Subdivisions | Brazil |
| States | Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Distrito Federal |
Centro-Oeste Region (Brazil) is a large administrative region comprising the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and the Federal District, containing the national capital Brasília and major cities such as Cuiabá, Campo Grande, and Goiânia. The region spans vast biomes including the Cerrado, Pantanal, and southern reaches of the Amazon rainforest, and serves as a frontier of agribusiness linked to global markets like China and United States. Centro-Oeste has strategic infrastructure projects such as the BR-163 highway and inland waterways connected to river ports like Port of Santarém, and institutions including the Embrapa research network and the University of Brasília.
Centro-Oeste contains diverse landscapes from the floodplains of the Pantanal to the plateaus of the Planalto Central and northern Amazon Basin margins near Xingu River, with major rivers such as the Amazon River tributaries, the Tocantins River, and the Paraguay River. The region borders Acre, Rondônia, Pará, Maranhão, Bahia, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, and Bolivia, creating transnational environmental and trade links exemplified by the Itaipu Dam corridor and the G3 Mercosur routes. Elevation varies between the lowlands of the Pantanal and highlands like the Chapada dos Guimarães, affecting climate gradients from equatorial monsoon zones near Manaus to tropical savanna near Goiânia and subtropical influences from São Paulo.
Indigenous peoples such as the Bororo people, Xavante, and Kayapó inhabited riverine and plateau zones before contact with Portuguese explorers associated with expeditions like those of António Raposo Tavares and bandeirantes linked to São Paulo. Colonial expansion involved the Treaty of Madrid (1750), frontier bandeirante settlements, and later the imperial era under Pedro II of Brazil which promoted cattle ranching and rubber extraction connected to the Amazon rubber boom. The 20th century saw projects by presidents such as Juscelino Kubitschek and policies of the Brazilian Miracle era that culminated in the planned construction of Brasília and migration waves tied to agrarian frontiers and the Trans-Amazonian Highway.
Population centers include Brasília, Goiânia, Campo Grande, and Cuiabá, featuring demographic mixes of descendants of Portuguese people, Africans, Indigenous peoples, and migrants from Northeast Region states like Pernambuco and Bahia. Census data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics illustrate urbanization trends toward metropolitan regions such as the Brasília metropolitan area and increasing international migration linked to labor flows between Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia. Health and education networks involve institutions like the Hospital das Forças Armadas, the University of São Paulo partnerships, and state public systems with varied indicators across municipalities such as Formosa and Rondonópolis.
Centro-Oeste is a major hub of agribusiness with large-scale production of soybeans, maize, cotton, and cattle linked to companies such as JBS S.A., Amaggi, and cooperative networks like Cooperativa Central Aurora Alimentos and export corridors to ports including Port of Santos and Port of Paranaguá. Energy projects include hydroelectric facilities and biofuel plants associated with the BNDES financing and ethanol industry linked to Petrobras supply chains. Mining for minerals and minerals logistics to markets including China and United States complements agriculture, while research agencies like Embrapa and universities such as the Federal University of Mato Grosso drive innovation in precision agriculture and sustainability initiatives aligned with multilateral programs from World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank.
The region's ecosystems host endemic species in the Cerrado such as the maned wolf and diverse wetlands in the Pantanal that support jaguars, capybaras, and migratory birds monitored by conservation bodies like ICMBio and NGOs including WWF-Brazil and Conservation International. Threats include deforestation driven by expansion of soybean agriculture and cattle ranching, fires linked to land-clearing practices reported in data from INPE, and hydrological changes from dams and irrigation projects affecting the Paraguay River basin and transboundary wetlands connected to Bolivia and Paraguay. Protected areas include national parks such as Chapada dos Guimarães National Park and buffer zones under federal environmental legislation influenced by international agreements like the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Major transport arteries include federal highways BR-153, BR-060, and BR-163, river transport on the Paraguay River and Tocantins-Araguaia Basin, and air hubs at Brasília International Airport, Cuiabá-Marechal Rondon International Airport, and Campo Grande International Airport. Logistics projects incorporate inland waterway proposals linked to the Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná concept and rail corridors like planned extensions of the Ferrovia Norte-Sul and private corridors serving agribusiness firms such as Rumo Logística. Urban infrastructure in metropolitan areas involves sanitation and housing programs funded by entities like the Ministry of Cities and development banks including Caixa Econômica Federal.
Centro-Oeste's cultural scene blends traditions such as sertanejo music festivals, Festas Juninas, and indigenous cultural expressions from groups like the Xavante and Bororo, showcased in institutions like the National Museum of the Republic and regional cultural centers in Goiânia and Campo Grande. Literary and artistic figures associated with the region include writers influenced by regionalism and artists participating in events supported by the Ministry of Culture and cultural circuits connected to the São Paulo Art Biennial and Bienal de Artes Visuais do Mercosul. Social movements around land rights and environmental protection engage organizations such as the Landless Workers' Movement and indigenous rights NGOs working with agencies like FUNAI and international partners including UNESCO.