Carbon Capture and Storage

Carbon Capture and Storage
Name	Carbon Capture and Storage
Type	Technology

Carbon Capture and Storage Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a suite of technologies designed to capture carbon dioxide emissions from large point sources and store them to reduce atmospheric emissions. Developed through collaborations among research institutions, private companies, and international agencies, CCS has been trialed in power generation, industrial processes, and enhanced recovery projects.

Overview

CCS integrates capture systems at facilities such as Sleipner gas field, Boundary Dam Power Station, SaskPower, Kemper County Energy Facility, and Petra Nova with transport networks like pipelines developed by Enbridge and storage in geological formations investigated by General Electric, Royal Dutch Shell, Chevron, BP (British Petroleum), ExxonMobil, TotalEnergies, Equinor, E.ON, Siemens Energy, Schlumberger, Halliburton, Baker Hughes, Occidental Petroleum, Repsol, ENI, Iberdrola, Neste, Shell plc, Suncor Energy, Centrica, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Hitachi Zosen and research consortia including International Energy Agency and Global CCS Institute. Early demonstrations involved institutions such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Imperial College London, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, University of Edinburgh, University of Calgary, CSIRO, TNO, Fraunhofer Society, CEA (France), SINTEF, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Indian Institute of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, and Peking University. CCS pathways are considered by climate assessments from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, European Commission, U.S. Department of Energy, UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, International Renewable Energy Agency, and policy fora including G20 and COP26.

Technologies and Methods

Capture technologies include pre-combustion systems developed in projects associated with Sintef, solvent-based post-combustion systems tested by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Shell Research, and oxy-fuel combustion trials linked to Alstom, Doosan, General Electric (GE), and ABB Group. Chemical solvent capture uses amines evaluated in studies at University of Sheffield, Carnegie Mellon University, and ETH Zurich; solid sorbents and metal–organic frameworks have been advanced at California Institute of Technology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and University of California, Berkeley. Pre-combustion capture links to integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) work at GE Power and fuel synthesis research at Sasol and Dynegy. Transport methods include CO2 pipeline networks investigated by TransCanada Corporation, Kinder Morgan, National Grid plc, ConocoPhillips, Shell Oil Company, Total S.A., Centrica plc, and shipping studies by DNV GL, Lloyd's Register, Maersk, Wilhelmsen, K Line, and NYK Line. Storage options exploit depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, saline aquifers, and unmineable coal seams explored in field studies at Sleipner gas field, Weyburn-Midale CO2 Monitoring and Storage Project, In Salah Gas Project, and Ketzin pilot site. Monitoring, verification, and accounting tools have been developed by Schlumberger Technology Corporation, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, British Geological Survey, Geological Survey of Canada, U.S. Geological Survey, and Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research.

Applications and Deployment

CCS has been deployed in enhanced oil recovery projects operated by Occidental Petroleum, ConocoPhillips, and Chevron Corporation and in industrial clusters involving ArcelorMittal, BASF, Cementa, HeidelbergCement, CEMEX, LafargeHolcim, Holcim, Voestalpine, SSAB, Tata Steel, Nucor Corporation, and US Steel. Power-sector applications include demonstration units at Boundary Dam Power Station, Drax Group pilot projects, and research supported by EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute), National Grid ESO, and California Energy Commission. Regional deployment strategies have been pursued in frameworks like the European Green Deal, Green Investment Bank (UK), U.S. Inflation Reduction Act, Norway's Longship project, Canada's Carbon Capture Fund, Australia's CarbonNet, Japan's Moonshot Research and Development Program, South Korea's Carbon Capture R&D Program, and collaboration under Mission Innovation.

Environmental and Safety Considerations

Environmental risk assessments and safety frameworks have been informed by studies at Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, United Nations Environment Programme, European Environment Agency, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Safety Executive (UK), Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, and research from Stockholm Environment Institute and Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. Leakage risks consider analogues from Ekofisk oil field, Brent oilfield, and Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon incidents; subsurface integrity draws on experience from North Sea oil fields and Permian Basin operations. CO2 plume migration, induced seismicity, and groundwater impacts are monitored using techniques developed at British Geological Survey, Geological Survey of Norway, Uppsala University, and field programs such as Weyburn-Midale and Ketzin. Regulatory frameworks and liability regimes intersect with institutions like International Maritime Organization for transport, European Commission directives, U.S. Department of Transportation, Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, and national authorities in Australia, Canada, China, India, Brazil, South Africa, Germany, France, United Kingdom, and Japan.

Economics and Policy

Economic analysis draws on modeling from International Energy Agency, World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Monetary Fund, BloombergNEF, McKinsey & Company, Rystad Energy, Carbon Capture Coalition, Center on Global Energy Policy (Columbia University), Grantham Research Institute, Resources for the Future, and Energy Transitions Commission. Policies include emissions trading systems like European Union Emissions Trading System, carbon pricing in Canada and Switzerland, tax instruments such as the U.S. 45Q tax credit, subsidies in Netherlands, Norway, and United Kingdom, and public–private partnerships exemplified by Roads to Zero Emissions and Mission Innovation. Investment trends have involved BlackRock, Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, Citi, Bank of America, European Investment Bank, Asian Development Bank, African Development Bank, International Finance Corporation, Climate Investment Funds, and pension funds including CalPERS.

Research, Development, and Demonstration

Ongoing R&D is coordinated by consortia and programs including Global CCS Institute, Carbon Capture and Storage Association, National Energy Technology Laboratory, European Energy Research Alliance, Horizon Europe, ARPA-E, UK Research and Innovation, Canadian Carbon Capture and Storage Research and Development Network, China's National Center for Climate Change Strategy, and university collaborations at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, Tsinghua University, University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, CSIRO, Fraunhofer Society, and CEA. Demonstration projects include Sleipner, In Salah, Weyburn-Midale, Boundary Dam, Quest CCS Facility, Petra Nova, Kemper County Energy Facility, Longship (project), and innovation pilots supported by Horizon 2020, Clean Energy Ministerial, Mission Innovation, and national funding from Government of Canada, U.S. Department of Energy, Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, Japan Bank for International Cooperation, and European Investment Bank.

Category:Carbon management