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| Caldeira (volcano) | |
|---|---|
| Name | Caldeira |
| Type | Caldera |
Caldeira (volcano) is a volcanic caldera notable for its complex structural evolution and eruption record within a tectonically active island arc. The edifice has been studied by researchers from institutions such as United States Geological Survey, Smithsonian Institution, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, and Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris. Its geomorphology and deposits have been compared with calderas like Yellowstone Caldera, Santorini caldera, Toba caldera, Campi Flegrei, and Aira Caldera.
Caldeira lies within an island arc setting influenced by subduction of an oceanic plate beneath a continental or island plate similar to the contexts of Krakatoa, Mount St. Helens, Mount Pinatubo, Mount Fuji, and Kīlauea. The regional framework includes nearby volcanic centers such as Mount Etna, Mount Hood, Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea, and Mount Merapi. Its location is adjacent to geopolitical entities like Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, and Greece in comparative studies of insular volcanism. Topographically, the caldera interacts with features named in mapping by agencies including National Aeronautics and Space Administration, European Space Agency, Ordnance Survey, Instituto Geográfico Nacional, and Geological Survey of Japan.
The caldera is a nested structure formed by multiple collapse events akin to processes documented at Long Valley Caldera, Rabaul Caldera, Laacher See, Valles Caldera, and Sakurajima. Petrology shows a range from basaltic andesite to rhyodacite comparable to suites analyzed at Mount Pinatubo, Vesuvius, Santorini, Aso Caldera, and Angkor Wat-era regional analogs in paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Geochemists have used frameworks from International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior and isotopic methods associated with International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Royal Society, Max Planck Society, CNRS, and GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences to interpret magma evolution. Structural geology analyses reference faulting and ring-fracture models from studies of Calabrian Arc, Hellenic Arc, Aleutian Arc, Philippine Trench, and Mariana Trench.
The eruptive chronology includes Plinian, Pelean, and phreatomagmatic styles paralleling documented events at Mount Vesuvius, Mount Pelée, Mount Tambora, Mount Mazama, and Novarupta. Holocene stratigraphy has been correlated using radiocarbon calibration procedures applied by teams at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, University of Tokyo, and National Taiwan University. Tephrochronology links ash layers to distal deposits studied in cores by International Ocean Discovery Program, British Antarctic Survey, US Antarctic Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Plymouth Marine Laboratory. Paleoclimate implications have been compared with records from Greenland Ice Core Project, EPICA, Vostok, GISP2, and NGRIP.
Monitoring at the caldera employs seismic networks and InSAR techniques used by Japan Meteorological Agency, Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology, European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre, Global Seismographic Network, and Canadian Hazards Information Service. Geodetic campaigns reference equipment from Global Positioning System, Galileo, Glonass, Sentinel-1, and Landsat programs. Gas monitoring follows protocols from World Meteorological Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency environmental assessments, and laboratories at Montana State University, Universidade de São Paulo, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, and University of Alaska Fairbanks. Hazard modeling has been conducted with software frameworks developed at USGS Volcano Disaster Assistance Program, British Geological Survey, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.
Potential hazards include pyroclastic density currents, ash fall, lahars, and sector collapse similar to those that affected Pompeii, Santorini eruption (Thera), Taupo eruption, Tambora eruption, and Krakatoa eruption. Aviation risks mirror those from Eyjafjallajökull eruption (2010), with disruptions monitored by International Civil Aviation Organization, International Air Transport Association, Civil Aviation Authority, Federal Aviation Administration, and Eurocontrol. Hydrological impacts involve watersheds studied by US Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrological Research Center, International Water Management Institute, UNESCO, and World Bank when assessing disaster risk reduction. Socioeconomic studies reference scenarios developed by United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, International Monetary Fund, World Health Organization, Red Cross, and OXFAM.
Archaeological and historical records link caldera events with regional human narratives like those preserved in chronicles by Herodotus, Pliny the Younger, Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo, and Captain James Cook in comparative literature. Cultural responses have been studied alongside art and literature pieces from William Wordsworth, J. M. W. Turner, Hokusai, Pablo Picasso, and Edvard Munch that depict volcanic landscapes. Heritage management involves organizations such as UNESCO World Heritage Committee, ICOMOS, National Trust (United Kingdom), English Heritage, and Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian in conservation planning. Contemporary engagement includes educational outreach modeled after programs at Smithsonian Institution, Natural History Museum, London, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, American Museum of Natural History, and Centre national de la recherche scientifique.
Category:Calderas