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| Bündnis 90/Die Grünen–Fraktion | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bündnis 90/Die Grünen–Fraktion |
| Native name | Bündnis 90/Die Grünen–Fraktion |
| Founded | 1990 (federal parliamentary group 1998 for Greens, 1990 for East German Bündnis 90) |
| Ideology | Green politics; environmentalism; social liberalism; human rights |
| Seats | varies by legislative period |
| Country | Germany |
Bündnis 90/Die Grünen–Fraktion is the parliamentary grouping of the German political alliance formed by Bündnis 90 and Die Grünen in the Bundestag and in several Landtage. The Fraktion has functioned as a legislative caucus interacting with institutions such as the Bundestag, Bundesrat, European Parliament, Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, and state parliaments including the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg, Landtag of Bavaria, and Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin. Throughout its existence the Fraktion has engaged with figures and entities like Joschka Fischer, Annalena Baerbock, Robert Habeck, Klaus Wowereit, and international partners such as European Green Party, Greens–European Free Alliance, and the United Nations.
The origins trace to movements including the Die Grünen founded in 1980, the civil rights coalition Bündnis 90 emerging from the 1989 events in the German Democratic Republic, and legislative breakthroughs in the 1983 West German federal election and the 1990 German reunification. The formal parliamentary cooperation followed electoral developments in the 1990 election and consolidation after the 1998 election when the Greens entered government in coalition with the Social Democratic Party of Germany under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder. Subsequent milestones include participation in the Kreuzberg demonstrations, influence on the Anti-nuclear movement in Germany, debates triggered by the Iraq War, negotiation of the Energiewende policy, and roles in the formation of the coalition with the Christian Democratic Union of Germany at state level in cases like 2011 Baden-Württemberg election.
The Fraktion organizes via internal bodies such as the chairmanship, parliamentary executive, and specialized working groups corresponding to committees of the Bundestag like the Foreign Affairs Committee, Environment Committee, and the Budget Committee. Leadership roles have been held by politicians including Joschka Fischer, Claudia Roth, Cem Özdemir, and Anton Hofreiter, coordinating with party organs like the Green Youth (Germany), the Federal Executive of Alliance 90/The Greens, and state associations such as Alliance 90/The Greens in North Rhine-Westphalia. The Fraktion employs staff linked to parliamentary services, liaises with entities like the Bundestag administration, and interacts with institutions including the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection and the European Commission.
In legislative work the Fraktion has prioritized agendas around renewable energy legislation exemplified by debates on the Energiewende, climate targets connected to the Paris Agreement, and biodiversity measures related to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The group has shaped foreign policy positions toward issues involving NATO, the European Union, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and sanctions regimes tied to cases like the Crimea Crisis and Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present). On civil rights the Fraktion engaged in controversies over surveillance laws such as the Bundesnachrichtendienst oversight debates, and on migration it weighed measures tied to the Dublin Regulation and the Schengen Area. Economic and social policy proposals intersected with debates over the Minimum Wage Act (Germany), taxation reforms involving the Federal Central Tax Office (Bundeszentralamt für Steuern), and public investment programs coordinated with the KfW development bank.
The Fraktion’s size varies with results in federal elections — notable results include the entry into the Bundestag after the 1983 West German federal election and the growth after the 1998 German federal election. At state level, performance in elections such as the Hamburg state election and the Hesse state election determined representation in respective Landtage. Membership comprises elected deputies drawn from party lists and direct mandates under the mixed-member proportional representation system established by the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. Prominent electoral campaigns involved leaders like Jürgen Trittin, Renate Künast, and Winfried Kretschmann, with internal membership dynamics reflecting the interplay between factions influenced by activists from movements such as the Anti-nuclear movement in Germany and organizations like Green European Foundation.
The Fraktion maintains organizational and strategic ties with the federal party organs of Alliance 90/The Greens and coordinates with state affiliates including Alliance 90/The Greens in Bavaria and Alliance 90/The Greens in North Rhine-Westphalia. In the Bundestag it has negotiated coalitions with the Social Democratic Party of Germany, formed working arrangements with the Free Democratic Party (Germany) in coalition talks, and entered confidence-and-supply or coalition agreements involving the Christian Democratic Union of Germany at state level. The Fraktion also collaborates with parliamentary groups across Europe such as the Greens–European Free Alliance delegation in the European Parliament and exchanges with international parties like The Green Party (Ireland), Les Verts (France), and Green Party of England and Wales.
Notable figures associated with the Fraktion include federal ministers and leaders such as Joschka Fischer (Foreign Minister), Jürgen Trittin (Environment Minister), Renate Künast (Consumer Protection Minister), Cem Özdemir (party leader), Annalena Baerbock (Foreign Minister), Robert Habeck (Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Action), and regional leaders like Winfried Kretschmann (Minister-President of Baden-Württemberg) and Klaus Wowereit (Governing Mayor of Berlin). Other parliamentary figures of note include Claudia Roth, Tobias Lindner, Franziska Brantner, and Sven-Christian Kindler, who have influenced committee work, treaty negotiations, and legislative initiatives within institutions such as the Bundestag and the European Parliament.