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| Burden of Disease Study | |
|---|---|
| Name | Burden of Disease Study |
| Established | 1990s |
| Discipline | Epidemiology |
| Methods | DALY, YLL, YLD, QALY |
Burden of Disease Study
The Burden of Disease Study quantifies health loss using composite metrics to compare diseases, injuries, and risk factors across World Health Organization, World Bank, United Nations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation frameworks. It originated through collaborations involving Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University, Oxford University, Imperial College London and national institutions such as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health England, and Indian Council of Medical Research to inform World Trade Organization-era health policy, G7 deliberations, and Sustainable Development Goals monitoring.
The Study produces summary measures—often used by agencies like World Health Organization, World Bank, United Nations Development Programme, European Commission, and African Union—to rank causes such as HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria, Ischemic heart disease, and Stroke across contexts like United States, China, India, Brazil, and South Africa. Early rounds involved experts linked to institutions including Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, University of Toronto, and Monash University and influenced programs from Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria to national ministries such as Ministry of Health (Brazil), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India), and Ministry of Health (Mexico).
Analytical teams draw on methods developed at Harvard School of Public Health, World Health Organization, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Oxford, and Imperial College London to compute disability-adjusted life years using years of life lost and years lived with disability influenced by methodologies in publications from Lancet, The BMJ, Nature Medicine, JAMA, and PLOS Medicine. Metric computation relies on life tables akin to those produced by United Nations Population Division, demographic models used by International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, and valuation studies linked to Eurostat, National Institutes of Health, and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Sensitivity analyses reference techniques from Cochrane Collaboration, CONSORT, STROBE, GRADE Working Group, and statistical approaches developed at University of Washington and Stanford University.
Major multicountry rounds coordinated with World Health Organization, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Harvard University, and regional partners such as Pan American Health Organization, African CDC, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation produced datasets covering Global South, Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Europe. Landmark publications appeared in The Lancet and involved contributing authors from Columbia University, University of Nairobi, University of Cape Town, Peking University, and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México informing global reporting used by United Nations, G20, and World Health Assembly processes.
Findings have guided resource allocation by Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, World Bank Group, United States Agency for International Development, and national health agencies such as National Health Service (England), Ministry of Health and Welfare (South Korea), and Health Canada. They informed priority setting in initiatives led by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Clinton Health Access Initiative, PATH (organization), Médecins Sans Frontières, and influenced frameworks within Sustainable Development Goals reporting, WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases.
Critics from institutions such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and scholars affiliated with University of California, Berkeley, Yale University, Princeton University, McMaster University, and University of Edinburgh have raised concerns about valuation choices, age-weighting debates reminiscent of discussions at Royal Society, and potential biases noted by reviewers in The Lancet and BMJ. Debates have invoked ethical commentary from scholars connected to Georgetown University, Oxford University, and Harvard Divinity School about prioritization, comparability across cultures represented by UNESCO, and limitations stressed during pandemics like COVID-19 pandemic, Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa, and H1N1 influenza pandemic.
Analysts combine vital registration from ministries such as Ministry of Health (Sweden), household surveys like Demographic and Health Surveys, surveillance systems managed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, laboratory networks affiliated with World Health Organization, hospital episode statistics used by National Health Service (England), and registry data such as SEER Program and cancer registries at International Agency for Research on Cancer. Data governance and quality issues engage standards from International Organization for Standardization, World Bank Open Data, and capacity initiatives led by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Rockefeller Foundation.
Regional and disease-focused analyses have been produced for settings including Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Pacific Islands and for conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Diabetes mellitus, Road injury, and Neonatal disorders by teams at University of Cape Town, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Universidad de São Paulo, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Makerere University. These studies informed regional strategies by African Union, PAHO, ASEAN, and national programs like National Institutes of Health (USA), Indian Council of Medical Research, and Brazilian Ministry of Health.