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| Brazilian Presidency | |
|---|---|
| Name | Presidency of Brazil |
| Native name | Presidência da República |
| Incumbent | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva |
| Incumbentsince | 1 January 2023 |
| Formation | 15 November 1889 |
| Inaugural | Deodoro da Fonseca |
| Seat | Palácio do Planalto |
| Appointer | Direct popular vote |
| Termlength | Four years, renewable once consecutively |
| Salary | Federal public servant remuneration |
Brazilian Presidency The Presidency of Brazil is the highest executive office in the Federal Republic of Brazil, combining the roles of head of state and head of government. The office has been occupied by military leaders, civilian politicians, and labor activists, shaping national policy across periods of the First Brazilian Republic, the Vargas Era, the military regime, and the New Republic. The presidency operates within the constitutional framework established by the Constitution of Brazil (1988), interacting with the National Congress of Brazil, the Supreme Federal Court, and federal institutions.
The origins of the presidency date to the proclamation of the Proclamation of the Republic on 15 November 1889, when Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca assumed the first executive role and replaced the Empire of Brazil. The early First Brazilian Republic featured regional oligarchies and the politics of café com leite, alternating power between São Paulo and Minas Gerais. The Revolution of 1930 brought Getúlio Vargas to power, inaugurating the Vargas Era and later the Estado Novo authoritarian regime that centralized authority within the executive. Post-World War II democratization returned presidents like Eurico Gaspar Dutra and Juscelino Kubitschek until instability culminated in the 1964 coup d'état that installed the Brazilian military government and presidents such as Artur da Costa e Silva and Ernesto Geisel. The process of abertura led to indirect election of Tancredo Neves, whose death preceded the democratic transition known as the Diretas Já movement and the promulgation of the Constitution of 1988, establishing the modern institutional presidency and leading to civilian presidents including Fernando Collor de Mello, Itamar Franco, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dilma Rousseff, Michel Temer, and Jair Bolsonaro.
The constitutional president holds responsibilities including directing national policy, representing Brazil internationally, and serving as commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Armed Forces. Statutory authorities permit issuing provisional measures, vetoing legislation passed by the National Congress of Brazil, and appointing ministers to the Palácio do Planalto cabinet, high-ranking officials to federal bodies, and judges to federal courts subject to Senate confirmation, such as seats on the Supreme Federal Court. The president negotiates and signs international treaties with counterparts from states such as the United States, China, Argentina, and Portugal and ratifies agreements through the legislative process. Economic appointments affect institutions like the Central Bank of Brazil and ministries influencing fiscal policy and economic relations with entities like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
Presidential elections follow rules in the Constitution of Brazil (1988) and are administered by the Superior Electoral Court. The president is elected by direct popular vote using a two-round system: a runoff occurs if no candidate obtains an absolute majority in the first round, as seen in contests involving candidates such as Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Jair Bolsonaro. The term is four years, with immediate re-election for one consecutive term permitted under a constitutional amendment passed in 1997. Campaign finance and candidacy rules engage parties like the Workers' Party, the Brazilian Social Democracy Party, and the Social Liberal Party, while electoral disputes may be adjudicated by the Supreme Federal Court.
The executive branch under the president is organized into ministries and federal agencies headquartered at the Palácio do Planalto and across Brasília, including the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The president selects a cabinet of ministers who coordinate policy with secretariats such as the Casa Civil and the Presidency's Institutional Security Office. Bureaucratic administration interacts with federal institutions like the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and state-level authorities in São Paulo (state), Rio de Janeiro (state), and Bahia (state). Executive decrees and provisional measures require coordination with the National Congress of Brazil for legislative conversion and budgetary approval.
The official workplace is the Palácio do Planalto in Brasília, while the official residence is the Palácio da Alvorada. Ceremonial symbols include the presidential sash, the presidential standard, and the use of honors such as the Order of the Southern Cross. Key venues for state receptions include the Itamaraty Palace and the Alvorada Palace gardens, and official transport assets have included aircraft from the Brazilian Air Force fleet and naval escorts for state visits to countries like Angola, South Africa, and Japan.
Succession is provided for in the Constitution of Brazil (1988), with the vice president, from tickets such as those including José Alencar and Michel Temer, assuming the presidency in cases of vacancy. In temporary incapacity, the vice president, or if necessary the President of the Chamber of Deputies and then the President of the Federal Senate, are in the line of succession. Impeachment proceedings are governed by constitutional provisions and parliamentary procedures; notable cases include the impeachment of Fernando Collor de Mello and Dilma Rousseff, which involved the Federal Supreme Court and the Supreme Federal Court in adjudicative roles and led to transitional presidencies such as that of Itamar Franco and Michel Temer.
A chronological list of presidents of Brazil begins with Deodoro da Fonseca and includes prominent figures such as Floriano Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas, Juscelino Kubitschek, Jânio Quadros, João Goulart, Emílio Garrastazu Médici, Ernesto Geisel, Tancredo Neves, José Sarney, Fernando Collor de Mello, Itamar Franco, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dilma Rousseff, Michel Temer, and Jair Bolsonaro. The full roster reflects shifts between constitutional orders, military regimes, and democratic restoration, and is documented in official records maintained by the Palácio do Planalto and the Superior Electoral Court.
Category:Politics of Brazil Category:Heads of state of Brazil