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| Bourbon (Spanish) | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bourbon (Spanish) |
| Founded | 1700 |
| Founder | Philip V of Spain |
| Current head | King Felipe VI |
Bourbon (Spanish) is the Spanish branch of the European House of Bourbon that reigned intermittently in the Kingdom of Spain from 1700 onward and returned to the throne in 1975. The dynasty has shaped Iberian politics through dynastic claims, treaties, wars, constitutional reforms, colonial administration, and cultural patronage across Early Modern, Napoleonic, and Contemporary periods. Its rule intersects with major European actors, dynasties, and institutions including the Habsburgs, Bourbons of France, the House of Savoy, the Congress of Vienna, and the United Nations.
The Spanish Bourbons descend from the Capetian lineage via the Bourbon line linked to Louis XIV of France and Louis, Grand Dauphin. Succession to the Spanish crowns involved claims connected to the War of the Spanish Succession after the death of Charles II of Spain and invoked treaties and guarantees like the Treaty of Utrecht and diplomatic accords with the Kingdom of Great Britain, Dutch Republic, and Holy Roman Empire. Dynastic marriages tied the Spanish Bourbons to the House of Lorraine, House of Savoy, and the Habsburg networks via princesses and princes exchanged at courts such as Versailles and the Royal Palace of Madrid. Legal frameworks, including the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830 and complex succession laws, affected claims contested by heirs of Philip V of Spain and rival branches such as the House of Bourbon-Parma and the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.
Bourbon governance began with Philip V of Spain after the Battle of Almansa and continued through periods marked by absolutist reforms, constitutional monarchy, exile, restoration, and republican interludes involving actors like Napoleon Bonaparte, Joseph Bonaparte, the Spanish Cortes of Cádiz, and the First Spanish Republic. Restoration episodes involved figures such as Alfonso XIII of Spain and the restoration of Bourbon Restoration (Spain) institutions, while the 20th century witnessed the Spanish Civil War, the Second Spanish Republic, and the Francoist regime under Francisco Franco that later facilitated the return of Juan Carlos I and the reestablishment of constitutional monarchy with the 1978 Spanish Constitution. Contemporary reigns have engaged with supra-national bodies including the European Union, the NATO, and the Council of Europe.
Notable monarchs include Philip V of Spain, Ferdinand VI of Spain, Charles III of Spain, Charles IV of Spain, Ferdinand VII of Spain, Isabella II of Spain, Alfonso XII of Spain, Alfonso XIII of Spain, Juan Carlos I, and Felipe VI of Spain. Regents and claimants feature personalities such as Maria Luisa of Savoy, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, Infante Carlos, Count of Molina (Carlist claimant), and Francisco Javier de Burgos in administrative roles. Regency crises intersected with uprisings like the Mutiny of Aranjuez, the Pronunciamiento, and the Glorious Revolution (Spain) which elevated alternatives including Amadeo I of Spain from the House of Savoy.
Bourbon rule implemented reforms inspired by Enlightenment ministers such as Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, and Marqués de la Ensenada, alongside centralizing policies under Visitadors and ministers like Floridablanca and Aranda. Conflicts included the War of the Spanish Succession, the Peninsular War, colonial revolts leading to the Spanish American wars of independence, and internal disputes exemplified by the Carlist Wars and the pronunciamientos of the 19th century. Constitutional episodes involved the Spanish Constitution of 1812, the Royal Statute of 1834, the Constitution of 1876, and the Spanish Constitution of 1978, shaped by political actors including Rafael del Riego, Espartero, Cánovas del Castillo, and Práxedes Mateo Sagasta.
Under Bourbon monarchs, imperial administration restructured through Bourbon Reforms instituted by ministers like José de Gálvez and Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Count of Aranda, affecting viceroyalties such as New Spain, Peru, La Plata, and New Granada. Internationally, Bourbon diplomacy engaged in alliances and conflicts involving the Seven Years' War, the American Revolutionary War where Spain allied with France and United States interests via figures like Bernardo de Gálvez, and imperial competition with Britain and the Netherlands. Colonial decline and independence movements produced leaders including Simón Bolívar, José de San Martín, and Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, who challenged Bourbon-era institutions in Latin America.
Bourbon patronage influenced architecture and urbanism through projects at the Royal Palace of Madrid, the Royal Botanical Garden, Madrid, and the urban reforms of Charles III of Spain involving architects like Sabatini and Ventura Rodríguez. Economic initiatives touched fiscal reformers such as Floridablanca and Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, agrarian policies, and industrial impulses related to the Industrial Revolution in Catalonia and the Basque Country, with industrialists like Eusebi Güell emerging later. Cultural life intersected with writers and artists including Leandro Fernández de Moratín, Francisco Goya, Benito Pérez Galdós, and institutions such as the Royal Spanish Academy, Prado Museum, and Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Succession controversies involved abdications by Alfonso XIII of Spain and later by Juan Carlos I in favor of Felipe VI of Spain, amid scandals, constitutional debates, and legal inquiries involving institutions like the Audiencia Nacional and discussions in the Cortes Generales. Contemporary issues include regional disputes with Catalonia and Basque Country nationalisms, legal reforms debated in forums including the European Court of Human Rights, and public debates engaging political parties such as the People's Party (Spain), Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, and newer movements like Podemos and Vox.