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| Borbón (Spanish royal house) | |
|---|---|
| Name | Borbón |
| Native name | Casa de Borbón |
| Caption | Coat of arms used by Spanish Bourbons |
| Founder | Philip V of Spain |
| Founded | 1700 |
| Country | Spain |
| Current head | Felipe VI of Spain |
Borbón (Spanish royal house) is the royal dynasty that has provided multiple monarchs of Spain since 1700, tracing descent from the House of Bourbon branch of the Capetian dynasty. The lineage links the dynastic politics of France, Italy, and Europe through marriages, treaties, and wars involving figures such as Louis XIV of France, Philip V of Spain, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Juan Carlos I. The house has been central to episodes including the War of the Spanish Succession, the Peninsular War, the Spanish Civil War, and Spain's transition to constitutional monarchy under Adolfo Suárez.
The Borbón line originates in the cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty that ruled in France as the House of Bourbon. Succession crises and diplomatic marriages—like those involving Louis, Grand Dauphin, Philip, Duke of Anjou, and the French court at Versailles—culminated in the accession of Philip V of Spain after the death of Charles II of Spain. The War of the Spanish Succession pitted Bourbon claims against the Habsburg Monarchy represented by Archduke Charles and drew in powers including Great Britain, Dutch Republic, and the Kingdom of Prussia. Treaties such as the Treaty of Utrecht and the Treaty of Rastatt shaped territorial outcomes for Sicily, Milan, and the Netherlands. Dynastic links extended to the Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Bourbon-Parma, and the Orléans houses through marriages with members like Maria Luisa of Savoy and Louise Élisabeth of France.
Philip V implemented reforms influenced by the French absolutism of Louis XIV of France, aided by ministers like José de Grimaldo and Jovellanos's later contemporaries. The era saw administrative centralization affecting institutions in Catalonia, Aragon, and the Kingdom of Navarre, and military engagements including the War of Jenkins' Ear and conflicts with the Ottoman Empire indirectly through alliances. Cultural patronage connected the court to artists like Goya later in the century, while economic policy intersected with interests centered in Seville, Cadiz, and colonial holdings in New Spain and the Viceroyalty of Peru. Succession disputes reappeared with the reigns of Louis I of Spain and Ferdinand VI of Spain, leading to the reforms of Charles III of Spain and the foreign policy realignments that involved the American Revolutionary War and the Treaty of Paris (1783).
The abdication crisis involving Charles IV of Spain and Ferdinand VII of Spain enabled Napoleon Bonaparte to install Joseph Bonaparte during the Peninsular War, provoking resistance by figures such as Francisco de Goya, Miguel de Cervantes's legacy in cultural memory, and guerrilla leaders like Francisco de Paula-era contemporaries. The Spanish Constitution of 1812 at Cádiz emerged as a liberal milestone opposed by absolutists allied with Ferdinand VII. The post‑Napoleonic restoration returned Bourbons briefly in the person of Ferdinand VII, leading to the Carlist conflicts pitting supporters of Infante Carlos, Count of Molina against Isabeline factions supporting Isabella II of Spain. Political turbulence produced the First Carlist War and the Glorious Revolution of 1868, which deposed Isabella II and invited foreign candidates including Amadeo I of Spain from the House of Savoy.
The late 19th century saw Bourbon claimants contest the throne amid issues like the Spanish–American War and colonial losses in Cuba and the Philippines. The short reign of Alfonso XII of Spain and the minority regency of Maria Christina of Austria led to the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy under the Constitution of 1876 and the parliamentary system of the Restoration (Spain). Social and political pressures fostered republican movements culminating in the Second Spanish Republic and the Civil War between Francisco Franco's Nationalists and Republican forces supported by the Soviet Union and international brigades. Exiled Bourbons such as Alfonso XIII of Spain interacted with European courts including the Vatican and monarchies of the United Kingdom and Italy.
After the death of Francisco Franco, the regime's designated successor, Juan Carlos I of Spain, facilitated the transition to democracy, working with politicians like Adolfo Suárez, Santiago Carrillo, and legal architects of the 1978 Spanish Constitution. The restoration involved constitutional reforms negotiated among parties including the Union of the Democratic Centre and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. The attempted coup of 1981 led by Antonio Tejero tested the restored monarchy; the public role of Juan Carlos I intersected with international leaders such as Ronald Reagan and Helmut Kohl during Spain's integration into NATO and the European Economic Community.
Under Felipe VI of Spain, the monarchy navigates constitutional duties defined by the 1978 Spanish Constitution, ceremonial functions at entries like Palacio Real de Madrid, and crises including the abdication of Juan Carlos I amid financial controversies and investigations involving jurisdictions such as Switzerland. Contemporary political challenges involve regional tensions with Catalonia, Basque Country autonomist movements and interactions with Spanish administrations led by figures like Pedro Sánchez and Mariano Rajoy. Succession follows established male-preference cognatic principles updated by parliamentary statutes and dynastic agreements connecting claimants in branches like Bourbon-Two Sicilies and Bourbon-Parma.
Heraldic symbols used by the house combine emblems of Castile, León, Aragon, and Navarre, alongside the Bourbon-Anjou escutcheon and orders such as the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Order of Charles III. Palaces associated with the dynasty include the Palacio Real de Madrid, El Escorial, and the Palacio de la Zarzuela, hosting collections by artists like Diego Velázquez, Francisco de Goya, and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo. The Bourbon patronage influenced architecture exemplified by Madrid's Plaza Mayor renovations, botanical projects like Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, and cultural institutions including the Prado Museum and the National Library of Spain. The dynasty's legacy figures in literature referencing Miguel de Cervantes, historiography by scholars such as Joaquín Costa, and legal-historical analyses involving the Laws of Burgos and constitutional developments.
Category:Spanish monarchy Category:House of Bourbon Category:History of Spain