Beyond Standard Model
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| Beyond Standard Model | |
|---|---|
| Name | Beyond Standard Model |
| Caption | Conceptual diagram of particle physics theories extending the Standard Model |
| Field | Theoretical physics |
| Notable people | Albert Einstein, Paul Dirac, Murray Gell-Mann, Richard Feynman, Steven Weinberg, Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, Peter Higgs, François Englert, Yoichiro Nambu |
| Institutions | CERN, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Fermilab, DESY, TRIUMF, KEK |
| Established | 20th century |
Beyond Standard Model.
The phrase refers to theoretical frameworks and experimental programs that extend or replace the Standard Model of particle physics to explain phenomena not accounted for by the Standard Model (particle physics). Motivations arise from empirical anomalies, theoretical inconsistencies, and cosmological observations linked to figures and institutions such as Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, CERN, and Fermilab.
Introduction
The Standard Model was formulated through contributions by Murray Gell-Mann, Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, and Abdus Salam and experimentally confirmed at facilities like CERN, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, and Fermilab. Despite successes including the discovery of the Higgs boson by collaborations at CERN and the Large Hadron Collider, unresolved issues prompt research at institutions such as DESY, KEK, TRIUMF, and research groups led by Peter Higgs and François Englert. Prominent experimental programs include the ATLAS experiment, CMS experiment, LHCb experiment, and neutrino observatories like Super-Kamiokande and IceCube.
Theoretical Motivations
Anomalies motivating extensions include dark matter inferred by work following Fritz Zwicky and Vera Rubin, neutrino masses revealed by Super-Kamiokande and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, and the baryon asymmetry studied by Andrei Sakharov and experimental programs at B-factories like KEKB. Hierarchy problems were articulated by theorists including Gerard 't Hooft and Leonard Susskind, while naturalness debates involve voices such as Nima Arkani-Hamed and Leonard Susskind. Cosmological tensions highlighted by Alan Guth and Andrei Linde in inflationary cosmology and precision measurements from Planck (spacecraft) and WMAP motivate new fields and interactions. Grand unification ambitions trace back to proposals by Howard Georgi and Sheldon Glashow, and quantum gravity challenges engage researchers at Institute for Advanced Study and programs associated with Edward Witten.
Candidate Theories and Models
Popular proposals include Supersymmetry developed in work by Julius Wess, Bruno Zumino, and later studies by Sergio Ferrara; Grand Unified Theory models by Howard Georgi and Salam; extra-dimensional models from Lisa Randall and Raman Sundrum; and Technicolor ideas advocated by Kenneth Lane. Dark matter candidates include Weakly Interacting Massive Particles motivated in models by John Ellis and Gianfranco Bertone, axions originating from the Peccei–Quinn solution credited to Roberto Peccei and Helen Quinn, and sterile neutrinos discussed by Bruno Pontecorvo. Quantum gravity schemes include String theory spearheaded by Michael Green and Edward Witten, loop approaches developed by Carlo Rovelli and Lee Smolin, and causal set ideas related to work by Rafael Sorkin. Flavor puzzles have stimulated models from Zee (physicist) and Fritzsch while neutrino model-building invokes Wolfenstein and Pontecorvo. Composite Higgs constructions draw on ideas from David Kaplan and Howard Georgi.
Experimental Searches and Constraints
Large-scale experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider involving ATLAS experiment and CMS experiment set limits on supersymmetric partners and extra resonances, while precision electroweak tests trace to measurements at LEP and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. Dark matter direct detection experiments such as LUX-ZEPLIN, XENON1T, and PandaX probe WIMP parameter space; indirect searches using Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and AMS-02 constrain annihilation channels. Neutrino oscillation experiments including Super-Kamiokande, SNO, Daya Bay, NOvA, and T2K uncovered mass splittings and mixing angles that constrain sterile neutrino scenarios. Flavor factories like BaBar, Belle, and LHCb limit flavor-changing processes; the Muon g-2 experiment at Fermilab and earlier efforts at Brookhaven National Laboratory test anomalous magnetic moments. Gravitational-wave observatories such as LIGO and Virgo provide constraints on early-universe models; cosmological surveys by Planck (spacecraft), WMAP, Dark Energy Survey, and SDSS bound inflationary and dark sector models.
Phenomenological Implications
Extensions produce signatures across collider physics studied at ATLAS experiment and CMS experiment, astrophysics surveyed by Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra X-ray Observatory, and cosmology measured by Planck (spacecraft). Supersymmetric spectra affect Higgs physics probed by Peter Higgs-related analyses; axion searches involve experiments like ADMX and CAST; sterile neutrino hypotheses intersect with studies at IceCube and MINOS. Grand unification affects proton decay searches conducted at Super-Kamiokande and proposed detectors like Hyper-Kamiokande and DUNE. Dark matter models interact with galactic dynamics first noted by Vera Rubin and cosmological structure work by Simon White and Martin Rees.
Open Problems and Future Directions
Outstanding problems include the nature of dark matter pursued by collaborations at CERN, Fermilab, and underground labs; the source of neutrino mass explored by KATRIN and neutrinoless double-beta searches at GERDA and KamLAND-Zen; and the unification of gravity and quantum theory debated in forums at Perimeter Institute and Institute for Advanced Study. Future directions emphasize upgrades like the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, proposed machines including the International Linear Collider and Future Circular Collider, and synergies with observatories like LSST and Euclid (spacecraft). Theoretical progress is fostered by programs at CERN Theory Division, workshops hosted by KITP, and collaborations including IPMU and Perimeter Institute.