Banjarese
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| Banjarese | |
|---|---|
| Name | Banjarese |
| Altname | Banjar |
| Nativename | Basa Banjar |
| Region | South Kalimantan, Indonesia |
| Familycolor | Austronesian |
| Fam2 | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Iso3 | bjn |
Banjarese Banjarese is an Austronesian language of southern Kalimantan closely associated with the peoples of the Barito River basin, Sabah, and parts of Sarawak, often discussed alongside Malay language, Javanese language, Sundanese language, Minangkabau language in studies of Indonesian archipelagic languages. Scholars compare its phonology and morphology with Austronesian languages, Malayic languages, Bornean languages, Tagalog language and Cebuano in comparative surveys and fieldwork by institutions like Leiden University, University of Indonesia, Australian National University, SOAS University of London and Universiti Malaya.
Etymology and Names
The name derives from the ethnonym used by coastal communities around the Barito River, Martapura, Banjarmasin, Kuala Kapuas and Katingan River, and appears in colonial records of the Dutch East Indies and the British Empire during the era of the VOC and Stadtholderate explorations. Alternate designations appear in travelogues by Friedrich Ratzel, Alfred Russel Wallace, James Brooke, and in missionary reports by Society for the Propagation of the Gospel and London Missionary Society.
History and Origins
Historical development is traced through interactions with polities such as the Sultanate of Banjar, the Mataram Sultanate, the Majapahit Empire, Sulu Sultanate and mercantile links to Srivijaya and Patani Kingdom, while colonial encounters with the Dutch East Indies and figures like Herman Willem Daendels affected language spread. Migration, trade, and hybridization with speakers of Malay language, Javanese language, Bugis language, Dayak languages, and Chinese Indonesians contributed to isoglosses noted by linguists from Cornell University, University of Oxford, and National University of Singapore.
Language and Linguistic Features
The language belongs to the Austronesian languages family, showing affinities with Malayic languages and exhibiting pronominal, affixal, and reduplicative patterns comparable to Indonesian language, Malay language, Tagalog language and Hawaiian language. Phonological inventories are analyzed alongside datasets from SEAlang Library, with consonant and vowel correspondences discussed in work by Noam Chomsky-inspired typologists, William Labov, Geoffrey Sampson, and comparative linguists at Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Morphosyntactic features, such as voice systems and serial verb constructions, have been contrasted with Austronesian alignment models used in studies at MIT, Stanford University, and Harvard University.
Culture and Society
Cultural practices relate to island trade networks connecting Banjarmasin, Makassar, Surabaya, Singapore, and Manila, with societal structures reflecting influences from the Sultanate of Banjar, Islamic scholars linked to Al-Azhar University, and missionary contact from Roman Catholic Church and Protestant Church in the Netherlands. Social institutions have been examined in anthropological monographs published by Cambridge University Press, Routledge, and Oxford University Press and by fieldworkers associated with Smithsonian Institution, British Museum, and Tropenmuseum.
Religion and Traditions
Religious life centers on practices influenced by Sunni Islam, Sufi networks including connections to Naqshbandi and Shattariyya orders, and syncretic elements from Dayak religions, animist customs recorded in accounts by Adolf Bastian and E. B. Tylor. Ritual calendars incorporate events comparable to those in Aceh, Minangkabau, Bugis and incorporate ceremonial arts documented in studies produced by UNESCO and regional cultural agencies like Dinas Kebudayaan Kalimantan Selatan.
Demographics and Distribution
Speakers are concentrated in South Kalimantan provinces such as Banjarmasin, Martapura, Banjar Regency, and in Indonesian diasporas in Jakarta, Surabaya, Kuala Lumpur, Brunei, Sabah, and Sarawak, with migration patterns discussed in demographic reports by Badan Pusat Statistik, World Bank, United Nations Development Programme and research from IOM. Census data and ethnolinguistic surveys by Ethnologue, Glottolog, and regional universities chart distribution and bilingualism with Indonesian language, Malay language, Javanese language and Dayak languages.
Arts, Cuisine, and Media
Artistic expressions include juga native music and dance forms connected to ensembles like Gamelan, Keroncong, and local variations paralleling traditions in Javanese culture, Sundanese culture, and Balinese culture studied by ethnomusicologists at UCLA, Yale University, and University of Washington. Culinary specialties such as dishes akin to regional staples in Padang cuisine, Javanese cuisine, and Malay cuisine are featured in cookbooks from Periplus, Grand Hyatt Jakarta events, and televised segments on Metro TV, RCTI, and Trans7. Media production includes radio broadcasts by RRI, local newspapers influenced by press trends from Kompas, and contemporary literature circulated through festivals like the Ubud Writers & Readers Festival and reviewed in journals from KITLV.