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| Bangladesh government | |
|---|---|
| Conventional long name | People's Republic of Bangladesh |
| Common name | Bangladesh |
| Capital | Dhaka |
| Largest city | Dhaka |
| Official languages | Bengali |
| Government type | Parliamentary republic |
| President | Abdul Hamid |
| Prime minister | Sheikh Hasina |
| Legislature | Jatiya Sangsad |
| Area km2 | 147570 |
| Population estimate | 170 million |
Bangladesh government
The administration of the People's Republic of Bangladesh operates as a parliamentary republic centered in Dhaka, with executive functions exercised by the Prime Minister of Bangladesh and ceremonial roles held by the President of Bangladesh. The constitutional order was established after the Bangladesh Liberation War and subsequent political developments involving actors such as Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the Awami League, and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Institutional interactions among the Jatiya Sangsad, the judiciary including the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, and local entities such as Dhaka North City Corporation shape policy across sectors including Bangladesh Army oversight, development planning by the Planning Commission (Bangladesh), and international relations with partners like India and China.
The modern state traces origins to the Partition of India and the 1947 creation of East Pakistan, leading to political movements including the Six-Point Movement and the Non-Cooperation Movement (1971) culminating in the Bangladesh Liberation War and the 1971 declaration of independence. Post-independence governance featured the tenure of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état, and military administrations under figures linked to the Bangladesh Army and leaders like Ziaur Rahman and Hussain Muhammad Ershad. Return to parliamentary rule involved the Caretaker government of Bangladesh mechanism, electoral contests between the Awami League and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, and constitutional amendments such as the removal and restoration of secular and democratic provisions influenced by judgments from the High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh.
The 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh established foundational principles, later amended through measures like the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Bangladesh and the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh. The constitution defines separation of powers among the President of Bangladesh, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, the Jatiya Sangsad, and the Supreme Court of Bangladesh. Legal instruments include the Penal Code, 1860 (Bangladesh), the Code of Criminal Procedure, and statutes enacted by the Jatiya Sangsad; constitutional review is exercised by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh and the High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh with precedent from landmark rulings such as decisions related to the Indemnity Ordinance and election petitions.
Executive authority resides with the Prime Minister of Bangladesh and the Cabinet of Bangladesh; the President of Bangladesh serves as head of state with limited reserve powers. The cabinet includes portfolios like the Ministry of Finance (Bangladesh), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh), the Ministry of Home Affairs (Bangladesh), and the Ministry of Defence (Bangladesh), which liaise with institutions such as the Bangladesh Armed Forces, the Election Commission Bangladesh, and the Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh). The civil service is organized under the Bangladesh Civil Service cadre system, with senior administration linked to agencies like the Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General and state-owned enterprises including Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation.
Legislative power is vested in the unicameral Jatiya Sangsad whose members include directly elected MPs and reserved seats for women as established by constitutional provisions. Parliamentary functions include enactment of laws, budget approval, and oversight via committees such as the Public Accounts Committee (Bangladesh) and the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence. Major political parties represented include the Awami League, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, and smaller parties like the Jatiya Party (Ershad), while electoral administration is conducted by the Election Commission Bangladesh under statutes governing voter rolls and constituency delimitation.
The judiciary is headed by the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, comprising the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh and the High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh. Lower judiciary includes district courts and tribunals established by statutes such as the Civil Procedure Code and the Bangladesh Labour Act. The system handles constitutional petitions, criminal trials under the Criminal Procedure Code, and commercial disputes in forums like the Arbitration Council (Bangladesh). Judicial independence has been the subject of cases referencing international norms and interactions with bodies such as the International Court of Justice in broader human rights and treaty contexts.
Bangladesh is administratively divided into divisions including Dhaka Division, Chittagong Division (now Chattogram Division), Khulna Division, Rajshahi Division, Sylhet Division, Barisal Division, and Rangpur Division, further subdivided into districts like Dhaka District, Chittagong District, and upazilas such as Savar Upazila. Urban governance is managed by city corporations like the Dhaka South City Corporation and municipal bodies including Paurashava. Local government reforms have involved the Local Government (Union Parishads) Act and the role of elected bodies in service delivery, disaster response coordination with agencies like the Bangladesh Meteorological Department and development partners including the World Bank.
Political life centers on parties such as the Awami League, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, and the Jatiya Party (Ershad), with electoral contests conducted under the supervision of the Election Commission Bangladesh. Notable electoral events include the 1991 Bangladeshi general election, the 2008 Bangladeshi general election, and controversies surrounding the 2014 Bangladeshi general election. Civil society organizations like Transparency International Bangladesh and media outlets including The Daily Star (Bangladesh) influence public debate; foreign relations with states such as India, China, and multilateral organizations like the United Nations affect political strategies and election observation missions.
Key policy areas encompass poverty reduction programs linked to initiatives by the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), infrastructure projects such as the Padma Bridge, and energy policies involving Bangladesh Power Development Board. Governance challenges include corruption addressed by the Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh), human rights concerns scrutinized by groups like Human Rights Watch, judicial backlog mitigation, and administrative capacity building supported by donors such as the Asian Development Bank. Environmental governance faces issues from Cyclone Sidr-scale disasters, riverine erosion in the Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta, and urbanization in Dhaka requiring coordination among ministries, local authorities, and international partners.
Category:Politics of Bangladesh