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| Auchenorrhyncha | |
|---|---|
| Name | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Regnum | Animalia |
| Phylum | Arthropoda |
| Classis | Insecta |
| Ordo | Hemiptera |
| Subordo | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Subdivision ranks | Major groups |
| Subdivision | Cicadidae; Cicadellidae; Membracidae; Fulgoromorpha; Muscidae |
Auchenorrhyncha is a traditional suborder of Hemiptera comprising free-living, primarily plant-feeding insects commonly known as cicadas, leafhoppers, planthoppers, treehoppers and froghoppers. Members are characterized by specialized piercing–sucking mouthparts, jumping hind legs, and acoustic or vibrational signaling in many lineages. Research on Auchenorrhyncha intersects work by institutions such as the Smithsonian Institution, Natural History Museum, London, and universities including Harvard University and University of Cambridge.
Taxonomic treatments of Auchenorrhyncha have varied among authorities such as Carl Linnaeus, Carolus Clusius, and modern systematists at Smithsonian Institution and Natural History Museum, London. Historically split into the infraorders Cicadomorpha and Fulgoromorpha, the group includes families like Cicadidae, Cicadellidae, Membracidae, Aphrophoridae, and various planthopper lineages studied by researchers at University of Oxford and University of California, Berkeley. Molecular phylogenetics using data from projects at Max Planck Society and European Molecular Biology Laboratory have prompted revisions debated at conferences hosted by Royal Entomological Society and published in journals affiliated with Royal Society. Classification controversies involve relationships to other hemipteran clades examined by teams at Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and Australian National University.
Auchenorrhyncha exhibit morphological specializations documented in collections at American Museum of Natural History and described in monographs from Cambridge University Press. Key features include a rostrum adapted for xylem or phloem feeding, a prognathous head, and enlarged hind femora enabling powerful jumps noted by researchers at Stanford University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Sound-producing structures such as tymbals in Cicadidae and vibration-transmitting organs in Cicadellidae have been subjects of acoustic studies at Indiana University Bloomington and University of Toronto. Wing venation patterns used for identification were codified in manuals by curators at Natural History Museum, London and National Museum of Natural History (France).
Life cycles range from multiyear development in periodical cicadas studied by teams from University of Connecticut and Rutgers University to rapid generation turnover documented by entomologists at University of Florida. Nymphs typically develop underground or within plant tissues; adult emergence, mating calls, and oviposition behaviors have been observed in field studies sponsored by Smithsonian Institution and Monash University. Social and communication behaviors involving acoustic signals and substrate-borne vibrations have been analyzed by laboratories at Cornell University, University of California, Davis, and ETH Zurich. Predation, parasitism by taxa investigated at Natural History Museum, London and University of Edinburgh, and host plant specialization influence population dynamics recorded in long-term studies at USDA Agricultural Research Service.
Members occupy diverse habitats from temperate forests cataloged by Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew to tropical rainforests surveyed by researchers at National University of Singapore and University of São Paulo. Biogeographic patterns reflect regional faunas curated by institutions such as Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (Spain), South African National Biodiversity Institute, and Australian Museum. Auchenorrhyncha interact with plant communities, mutualists studied by teams at Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and with predators and parasitoids recorded by researchers at Natural History Museum, London and University of California, Berkeley. Distributional changes linked to climate trends have been modeled by groups at Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-associated research centers and national agencies like USGS.
Several species are agricultural pests of major crops investigated by extension services at USDA, University of California Cooperative Extension, and International Rice Research Institute. Vectors of plant pathogens, including those transmitting phytoplasmas and viruses, have been focal points of applied research at CIMMYT and IRRI. Control strategies have involved integrated pest management programs coordinated by Food and Agriculture Organization and national departments such as DEFRA and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (UK). Economic impact assessments have been commissioned by organizations including World Bank and European Commission for outbreaks affecting commodities central to trade agreements like those negotiated within World Trade Organization contexts.
Fossil Auchenorrhyncha are documented from Paleozoic and Mesozoic deposits curated at Natural History Museum, London, Smithsonian Institution, and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Key fossils described by paleontologists associated with University of Chicago and Chinese Academy of Sciences inform debates on divergence times and morphological evolution reported in publications linked to American Museum of Natural History and Royal Society Publishing. Molecular clock studies by researchers at Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and Sanger Institute complement fossil evidence to reconstruct phylogenies discussed at symposia hosted by International Union for the Study of Social Insects.