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| Asparagales | |
|---|---|
| Name | Asparagales |
| Regnum | Plantae |
| Clade1 | Angiosperms |
| Clade2 | Monocots |
| Ordo | Asparagales |
Asparagales Asparagales is a large order of monocot flowering plants notable for including economically significant groups such as Onion-bearing taxa, Asparagus officinalis relatives, and ornamental families. The order unites diverse lineages historically treated under varied classifications by authorities such as Carl Linnaeus, Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, and later systems like the Cronquist system, Dahlgren system, and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. Major contributors to the modern circumscription include researchers at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, the Missouri Botanical Garden, and authors of the APG IV update.
Members of the order display a range of vegetative and reproductive traits documented by botanists at institutions like the Smithsonian Institution, Royal Society, and universities including Harvard University, Oxford University, and University of California, Berkeley. Leaves may be linear in genera studied by Joseph Dalton Hooker and Robert Brown or broad in taxa collected by explorers such as Alexander von Humboldt and Joseph Banks. Many species produce bulbs examined in monographs by Charles Darwin-era naturalists and bulbs conserved in collections at the New York Botanical Garden and Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Flowers often show tepals, a characteristic noted in revisions by George Bentham and Alphonse de Candolle, and possess inferior or superior ovaries referenced in floras like those of Flora Europaea and Flora of North America. Anatomical studies at the Max Planck Society and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute have revealed specialized tissues comparable to findings by Ernst Haeckel and Marcel Proust-era scientists.
Taxonomic treatments have evolved through contributions by Linnaeus, John Lindley, Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, Arthur Cronquist, and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. Contemporary classification relies on molecular data from projects at the Sanger Institute, GenBank, and laboratories affiliated with University of Oxford and Harvard University Herbaria. Families historically shuffled between systems include members recognized by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew checklist, catalogs of the Missouri Botanical Garden, and regional floras such as those produced by the National Herbarium of New South Wales. Key names appearing in family-level revisions have been published by taxonomists at the Natural History Museum, London, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Australian National Herbarium.
Molecular phylogenetics spearheaded by teams at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, the Sanger Institute, and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew have clarified relationships first hypothesized by Charles Darwin and later tested by researchers at the University of Chicago and Cambridge University. Fossil evidence curated by the Natural History Museum, London and the Smithsonian Institution complements molecular clocks calibrated with datasets from GenBank and analyses published in journals like those of the Royal Society and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Divergence time estimates have been discussed at symposia organized by the International Botanical Congress and reported by teams including scientists from the University of Tokyo, University of Melbourne, and ETH Zurich.
Genera occur in biomes cataloged by organizations such as the United Nations Environment Programme, described in regional floras maintained by the Missouri Botanical Garden and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and mapped by researchers at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and the Botanical Society of America. Species are present in Mediterranean regions studied by scholars at University of Barcelona and University of Oxford, tropical forests surveyed by teams from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and University of São Paulo, and temperate grasslands sampled by institutions like CSIRO and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Island endemics have been the focus of conservationists at the IUCN, Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources, and the Galápagos National Park.
Pollination biology has been investigated by ecologists associated with University of California, Davis, Stanford University, and the Max Planck Society, who documented interactions with pollinators such as species reported by Royal Entomological Society studies and surveys by the Xerces Society. Pollinators include bees cataloged by the Bee Research Association, butterflies recorded by the Lepidopterists' Society, birds noted by the Audubon Society, and bats studied by the Bat Conservation International. Ecological roles in communities have been analyzed in collaborations involving the Smithsonian Institution, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Natural History Museum, London.
Species within the order support industries documented by agencies like the Food and Agriculture Organization and the United Nations: edible crops relevant to reports from the United States Department of Agriculture, ornamental horticulture promoted by the Royal Horticultural Society and the American Horticultural Society, and medicinal uses recorded by the World Health Organization and ethnobotanical studies at institutions such as the Smithsonian Institution and Kew Gardens. Notable cultivated taxa appear in botanical collections at the Kew Gardens Glasshouse, marketplaces surveyed by the European Commission, and culinary histories authored by contributors from Oxford University Press and Cambridge University Press.
Conservation status assessments are performed by the IUCN Red List, national agencies like the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, and regional bodies such as the European Environment Agency. Threats documented by organizations including the United Nations Environment Programme, the World Wildlife Fund, and local conservation NGOs in regions like Madagascar, Borneo, and the Cape Floristic Region include habitat loss cataloged by the Convention on Biological Diversity reports and invasive species monitored by the GBIF and the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Ex situ conservation occurs in seed banks operated by the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership and living collections at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the New York Botanical Garden.