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| Anisian | |
|---|---|
| Name | Anisian |
| Color | #FBAA4A |
| Time start | 247.2 |
| Time end | 242.0 |
| Time unit | Ma |
| Chrono unit | Age |
| Era | Triassic |
| Period | Middle Triassic |
| Named by | Wilhelm Heinrich Waagen |
| Type section | Anisus valley, Austria |
Anisian
The Anisian was a Middle Triassic age widely recognized in global stratigraphy and used in correlations by researchers working on Geological Time Scale subdivisions such as the Triassic and institutions that maintain the International Commission on Stratigraphy. It is vital to studies conducted by paleontologists at institutions like the Natural History Museum, London, stratigraphers at the Geological Survey of Canada, and geologists affiliated with universities such as University of Bologna, University of Tübingen, and University of California, Berkeley. The interval records important biotic recoveries studied in comparison with the Permian–Triassic extinction event and later crises considered by scholars at the Smithsonian Institution.
The Anisian stage sits between the Olenekian and the Ladinian in the standard chronostratigraphic chart maintained by the International Commission on Stratigraphy and is subdivided into biozones used by researchers at the Paleobiology Database and the British Geological Survey. Formal boundary definitions have involved biostratigraphic markers such as ammonoid and conodont taxa discussed in publications from the Journal of Paleontology and the Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology community. Type sections in Europe were first characterized by stratigraphers including Wilhelm Heinrich Waagen and later revised by teams from the University of Vienna and the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. Magnetostratigraphy and radiometric calibration have been applied by groups at the U.S. Geological Survey and the ETH Zurich to refine the numeric ages used in global correlation charts.
During this interval continental reconstructions by research groups at the Paleomap Project, the University of Chicago, and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography show the fragmented supercontinent Pangaea with active margins recorded in sequences described from the Alps, the Tethys Ocean margins, the Canadian Cordillera, and the Fossil Hill Basin. Tectonic drivers associated with rifting and orogeny were examined by teams at the Geological Survey of India and the Russian Academy of Sciences, with plate interactions inferred from terranes exposed in the Dolomites, the Himalaya, and the Guadalupian successions. Basin analyses by researchers at the University of Salamanca and the University of Queensland link sedimentary sequences to subsidence patterns in the Central European Basin System and the Zechstein-adjacent shelves.
Paleoclimate reconstructions combining data from the International Ocean Discovery Program and isotope laboratories at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry indicate greenhouse conditions punctuated by regional humidity shifts studied by teams at the University of Oxford and the University of Sydney. Oxygen isotope work from foraminifera and conodonts by researchers at the Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences and the Geological Survey of Norway supports interpretations of elevated temperatures and altered hydrological cycles affecting landscapes in the Carnian-adjacent realm and the Mercia Mudstone Group. Sedimentological studies from the Karoo Basin, the Germanic Basin, and the Zhangjiakou Basin illustrate transitions between fluvial, lacustrine, and shallow marine environments documented in field campaigns organized by teams from the University of Cape Town and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Biotic recovery and diversification during this interval are central to research by paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, and the National Museum, Prague. Marine faunas include ammonoids, bivalves, and conodonts reported by authors in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America and cataloged in the Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Terrestrial records yield temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms, and cynodont synapsids studied by teams at the Field Museum and the Royal Ontario Museum. Notable fossil sites such as the Madygen Formation, the Guanling Formation, the Upper Silesia coal-bearing sequences, and the Ladinian-Dolomites exposures have produced taxa that inform evolutionary patterns discussed at conferences hosted by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology and the European Geosciences Union.
Sedimentary and diagenetic processes active in basins of this age yielded reservoirs and mineral concentrations investigated by the International Association of Sedimentologists and petroleum geoscientists at ExxonMobil and national surveys including the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate. Evaporite-bearing sequences and carbonate platforms in the Mediterranean region and the Permian Basin analogues influenced hydrocarbon prospectivity assessed by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Copper, lead, and zinc mineralization in terranes studied by the United States Geological Survey and the Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières are associated with basinal fluid flow documented in mining reports from the Iberian Pyrite Belt and metallogenic syntheses at the Geological Survey of Finland.
Regional stage schemes employed by national surveys such as the British Geological Survey, the Geological Survey of India, and the Geological Survey of Japan provide local subdivisions correlating to ammonoid and conodont zonations compiled by the International Subcommission on Triassic Stratigraphy. European sequences in the Alps and the Dinarides are cross-referenced with exposures in the Tethyan realm, while Siberian, North American, and South Chinese successions are correlated through biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic work from the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Paleozoic Research Center, and the Peking University stratigraphy groups. Ongoing synthesis projects led by the International Union of Geological Sciences and collaborative teams at the University of Padua continue to refine the global framework.