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| Allopathic medical schools in the United States | |
|---|---|
| Name | Allopathic medical schools (United States) |
| Established | 18th–21st centuries |
| Type | Professional schools |
| Degrees | Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) |
| Accreditation | Liaison Committee on Medical Education |
| Students | ~92,000 (approx.) |
| Faculty | varies |
| Campuses | multiple |
Allopathic medical schools in the United States are institutions that award the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree and prepare physicians through classroom instruction, clinical training, and research. These schools are part of a network of professional institutions that include historic universities, private colleges, and public systems such as Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University, and University of California, San Francisco. They operate under accreditation standards set by bodies including the Liaison Committee on Medical Education, and interact with clinical affiliates like Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, and Massachusetts General Hospital.
The term "allopathic" traditionally distinguishes the M.D. degree from the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine awarded by institutions such as Michigan State University and Kansas City University, while both participate in the National Resident Matching Program and share graduate medical education pathways. Prominent schools include Columbia University, Stanford University, Yale University, University of Pennsylvania, and University of Chicago. Institutional governance involves entities such as the Association of American Medical Colleges, the American Medical Association, and state medical boards like the California Medical Board and the New York State Education Department.
Medical education in the United States evolved from early schools such as University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and King's College (New York), through reforms driven by reports like the Flexner Report and influences from figures like Abraham Flexner and William Osler. Twentieth-century developments saw expansion at institutions such as University of Michigan, University of Pittsburgh, and Cornell University, while twentieth- and twenty-first-century innovations emerged at Duke University, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, and UCLA. Wars such as the World War I and World War II shaped physician training through military hospitals and programs at places like Walter Reed Army Medical Center.
Accreditation for M.D. programs is managed by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education, which evaluates curricula at schools such as Brown University, Vanderbilt University, and Emory University. Graduates must pass examinations administered by the United States Medical Licensing Examination program and obtain licensure from state boards including the Texas Medical Board and Florida Board of Medicine. Graduate medical education accreditation is overseen by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, which sets standards applied at residency programs affiliated with Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Johns Hopkins Hospital.
Admissions to M.D. programs are mediated through the American Medical College Application Service and often require credentials and testing such as the Medical College Admission Test and transcripts from universities like Princeton University, Brown University, and University of Washington. Curricular models vary: problem-based learning appears at institutions like Case Western Reserve University and McMaster University-influenced programs; integrated systems-based curricula are used at Yale University and University of California, San Diego; combined M.D./Ph.D. pathways are offered via partnerships with institutes such as the National Institutes of Health and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Clinical rotations occur at tertiary centers and community hospitals including Mount Sinai Hospital, NYU Langone Health, Rush University Medical Center, and University of Colorado Hospital. Teaching responsibilities are shared among academic medical centers, county hospitals like Los Angeles County+USC Medical Center, Veterans Affairs facilities such as VA Medical Center (Baltimore), and specialty centers including Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Shriners Hospitals for Children.
Medical schools engage in biomedical research funded by agencies like the National Institutes of Health, foundations such as the Gates Foundation, and industry partners including Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson. Research-intensive institutions include Johns Hopkins University, Harvard Medical School, University of California, San Francisco, and Washington University in St. Louis. Rankings by organizations such as U.S. News & World Report and grant tallies from the National Institutes of Health influence reputation, recruitment, and philanthropy from donors like the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and benefactors such as Rockefeller Foundation-era endowments.
Allopathic medical schools exist within public systems such as the University of California campuses, state universities like University of Michigan Medical School and University of Alabama School of Medicine, and private institutions including Dartmouth College, Northwestern University, and Tulane University. Newer programs have appeared at private entities like Weill Cornell Medicine and allopathic branch campuses in partnership with health systems such as Baylor College of Medicine and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.
Contemporary challenges include physician workforce distribution debates addressed by the Association of American Medical Colleges', curricular adaptation in response to COVID-19 pandemic disruptions, diversity initiatives influenced by rulings from the Supreme Court of the United States, and fiscal pressures tied to reimbursement policies involving Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Innovations include competency-based assessment trials at Oregon Health & Science University, telemedicine training linked to Massachusetts General Hospital, and interprofessional education programs with partners such as Yale-New Haven Hospital and Boston Children’s Hospital.