ANSI SQL
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| ANSI SQL | |
|---|---|
| Name | ANSI SQL |
| Caption | Standardized query language for relational databases |
| Developer | American National Standards Institute; International Organization for Standardization; International Electrotechnical Commission |
| Initial release | 1986 |
| Stable release | Multiple revisions |
| Latest release | Ongoing |
| Typing | Declarative |
| License | Standards documents |
ANSI SQL ANSI SQL is the standardized family of specifications for the structured query language used to define, manipulate, and control relational data. It originated from efforts to formalize the work of researchers and organizations involved in Relational model development, and it has guided implementations by major vendors and academic projects. The standard interacts with a wide range of institutions, companies, and initiatives that shaped modern data processing.
Overview and History
The origins trace to pioneers associated with IBM research, influences from E. F. Codd and the Relational model, and early commercial products such as System R and Ingres. Standardization efforts involved American National Standards Institute, coordination with ISO and IEC, and contributions from companies like Oracle Corporation, Microsoft, IBM, Sybase, Informix, and PostgreSQL Global Development Group. Debates and revisions reflect input from committees including ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 and national bodies such as ANSI X3H2. Early milestones intersect with events and publications by SIGMOD, ACM, IEEE, and influential figures like Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce. The standard evolved alongside database products like Ingres, System R, IBM Db2, Oracle Database, and academic projects at University of California, Berkeley.
Standards Development and Versions
Formal editions were produced with contributions from experts connected to American National Standards Institute, ISO, and IEC, and draft revisions circulated among vendors including Microsoft, Oracle Corporation, IBM, and SAP SE. Major published revisions align with company and academic timelines shaped by conferences such as VLDB, SIGMOD, and ICDE. Notable named revisions and extensions reference implementations by Teradata, Informix, Sybase, MySQL AB, Percona, and MariaDB Corporation AB. Standards work has been influenced by international participants from entities like NIST, CEN, JISC, DIN, and national standard bodies in United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and China. The process involved liaison with research organizations and projects such as Postgres95, Ingres Corporation, DEC, Hewlett-Packard, and Bell Labs.
Core Language Components
The standard defines syntax and semantics for constructs adopted by systems like Oracle Database, IBM Db2, Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL, and MySQL. Core areas include data definition adopted by Teradata systems, data manipulation used in OLTP projects at Amazon Web Services, Google, and Facebook, and transaction control shaped by ACID principles advocated by researchers at Berkeley DB and institutions such as Carnegie Mellon University. Query expressions mirror concepts validated in studies published in ACM SIGMOD Record and at VLDB Endowment conferences. The specification describes operators and functions implemented in products from SAP SE, Snowflake Inc., Cloudera, and Oracle Corporation.
Optional Features and Extensions
Many vendors provide optional modules influenced by corporate and academic research from Microsoft Research, Oracle Labs, and IBM Research. Extensions cover procedural languages in PL/SQL-style implementations from Oracle Corporation and Microsoft Transact-SQL features from Microsoft Corporation, analytic functions popularized by Teradata, and JSON and XML support used by MongoDB, Inc. integrations and tools from MarkLogic Corporation. Other extensions arise in cloud offerings by Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud Platform, and Microsoft Azure and integrate with standards from W3C, OASIS, and IEEE working groups.
Conformance and Compliance
Conformance testing and certification involved national accreditation bodies and consortia such as NIST, ETSI, and OASIS. Vendor claims of compliance appear in documentation from Oracle Corporation, Microsoft, IBM, SAP SE, and open-source projects like PostgreSQL Global Development Group and MariaDB Foundation. Independent testing and benchmark activities relate to organizations such as TPC, SPEC, and research at universities including Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, University of California, Berkeley, and ETH Zurich. Legal and procurement frameworks referencing standards engage agencies like US General Services Administration and trade agreements involving World Trade Organization discussions.
Implementations and Dialects
Implementations reflect commercial products and open-source projects: Oracle Database, IBM Db2, Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB, SQLite, Teradata Database, Amazon Aurora, Google Cloud Spanner, Snowflake Inc., SAP HANA, Vertica (Micro Focus), Informix, Sybase ASE, Greenplum Database, Cockroach Labs, Citus Data, ClustrixDB, NuoDB, SingleStore, MemSQL (SingleStore), VoltDB, H2 Database Engine, Derby (Apache) and projects affiliated with Apache Software Foundation like Apache Hive and Apache Calcite. Variants incorporate features from corporate adopters and research groups at Microsoft Research, Google Research, Facebook AI Research, Berkeley RISELab, and CMU Database Group.