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| 365th Infantry Regiment | |
|---|---|
| Unit name | 365th Infantry Regiment |
| Dates | 1917–1959 (variable) |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Role | Infantry operations |
| Size | Regiment |
| Battles | World War I, World War II |
365th Infantry Regiment
The 365th Infantry Regiment was an African American infantry regiment of the United States Army formed during World War I and later reorganized for service through World War II and postwar National Guard duty. The regiment served under the auspices of the 92nd Division (United States), trained at Camp Funston, and saw combat in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive and later served in the European Theater of Operations and the Italian Campaign. Its lineage intersects with units such as the 92nd Infantry Division (United States) and organizations including the National Guard Bureau and the War Department. The unit's history involves notable interactions with figures like John J. Pershing, controversies related to segregation in the United States Army, and recognition tied to campaigns such as St. Mihiel and the Rhine Campaign.
The regiment originated in the mobilization for World War I under the direction of the War Department and the Adjutant General of the Army, drawing personnel from depots including Camp Lee, Camp Grant, and Camp Funston. Assigned to the 92nd Division (United States), it operated alongside units such as the 365th Machine Gun Battalion and coordinated with French allied formations like elements of the French Army during trench warfare in the Western Front. Postwar, the regiment was demobilized at stations including Camp Upton and later reconstituted in the interwar reorganizations influenced by the National Defense Act of 1920 and the policies of the General Staff of the Army.
Constituted in 1917, the regiment trained at Camp Funston and shipped to the Western Front where it entered the line in sectors near Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive under the higher command of the 92nd Division (United States). Operating in coordination with the French Army and facing elements of the German Empire's Western Front (World War I), the regiment encountered trench warfare, chemical threats introduced by the German Army, and the logistical challenges addressed by the American Expeditionary Forces. Leadership links to officers assigned from the Officer Training Camp (Fort Riley) and liaison with staff from the American Expeditionary Forces shaped its front-line operations and postwar citations.
After demobilization at Camp Upton and administrative processing by the Adjutant General's Office, elements of the regiment were reorganized in the reserve structure influenced by the National Defense Act of 1920 and the policies of the War Department during the administrations of presidents including Woodrow Wilson and Warren G. Harding. The interwar period saw the regiment's personnel rolls affected by segregation policies maintained by the United States Army, with training activities sometimes conducted at sites such as Fort Des Moines and administrative affiliation with the National Guard Bureau. Fiscal constraints imposed by the Great Depression and mobilization debates in the United States Congress influenced readiness and availability of resources.
With the expansion of the United States Army in anticipation of global conflict, the regiment underwent federal activation and reorganization as part of broader realignments under commanders from the War Department and the Army Ground Forces. Assigned roles during the European Theater of Operations saw the regiment integrated into campaigns aligned with corps-level formations operating in coordination with armored and artillery units like the 3rd Infantry Division and logistical support from the Quartermaster Corps. The regiment's service overlapped with major operations such as the Italian Campaign and later phases of the Rhine Campaign, interacting with Allied headquarters including Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force.
Following World War II, the unit's lineage continued through allotment to the National Guard and associations with state adjutant generals and institutions like the National Guard Bureau. Reorganizations under the postwar United States Army reforms led to redesignations influenced by the Pentomic reorganization and later restructuring under the Road to Rotation and modernization efforts by the Department of Defense. The regiment's elements were consolidated, converted, or reassigned to other units, aligning with formations in the Army Reserve and state National Guards such as the Illinois Army National Guard and the New York Army National Guard.
During its deployments the regiment conformed to standard triangular or square infantry structures promulgated by the War Department and the Army Ground Forces, comprising battalions, companies, and attached units including the 365th Machine Gun Battalion, medical detachments under the Medical Department (United States Army), and support from the Signal Corps and Quartermaster Corps. Command staffs included officers commissioned via Officer Candidate School (United States) programs and noncommissioned cadres drawn from training centers like Fort Benning and Fort Leavenworth. Attachments for combined arms operations frequently involved coordination with Field Artillery Branch units and liaison with Corps of Engineers formations.
The regiment participated in campaigns recognized on unit streamers for engagements including St. Mihiel, the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, and later European campaigns such as the Rhineland Campaign and operations within the Italian Campaign. Decorations and citations were administered through the Department of the Army and involved awards systems like the Distinguished Service Cross, unit commendations processed by the Adjutant General's Office, and foreign honors from allied governments including decorations from the French Army. Individual soldiers received campaign medals issued by the American Expeditionary Forces and later by the Department of Defense.
Category:Infantry regiments of the United States Army Category:African American military units and formations