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| 2018 Nobel Prize | |
|---|---|
| Year | 2018 |
| Awarded for | Annual awards in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature, Peace, Economic Sciences |
| Presenter | Nobel Foundation |
| Location | Stockholm |
| Country | Sweden |
2018 Nobel Prize The 2018 Nobel Prize encompassed awards across Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature, Peace, and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel presented by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm and Oslo. Laureates included researchers and authors recognized for discoveries impacting laser physics, graphene, immunotherapy, literary fiction, peace processes, and market design, with ceremonies involving the Swedish Academy, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee.
The series of 2018 awards were announced by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Academy, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee in Stockholm and Oslo, drawing attention from institutions such as Uppsala University, Lund University, Cambridge University, Harvard University, Stanford University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Max Planck Society, CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Columbia University, Yale University, Princeton University, University of Tokyo, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Royal Society, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, National Academy of Sciences (United States), and Academia Europaea. Coverage referenced prior laureates such as Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Linus Pauling, Gabriel García Márquez, Nelson Mandela, Elinor Ostrom, John B. Goodenough, Marie Skłodowska Curie and institutions like the Nobel Prize Museum.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the 2018 physics prize to pioneers in laser physics and optical tweezers research: laureates included innovators linked to Arthur Ashkin, Gerard Mourou, and Donna Strickland, whose work intersected with technologies used at CERN, European XFEL, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, Optical Society, Institute of Physics, Stanford University, University of Rochester, École Polytechnique, University of Ottawa, Cornell University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Fermilab, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. Their advances influenced studies in quantum optics, nonlinear optics, ultrafast laser science, biophysics, molecular spectroscopy, nanotechnology, optical trapping, laser acceleration, attosecond physics, photochemistry, and experiments at Large Hadron Collider facilities.
The 2018 chemistry prize honored breakthroughs in two-dimensional materials, notably investigations into graphene and related materials. Laureates connected to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov were celebrated for foundational experiments at University of Manchester, with implications for research at Cambridge University, Oxford University, National Graphene Institute, Royal Society of Chemistry, Institute of Physics, Kavli Institute, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, IBM Research, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Nanyang Technological University, Tsinghua University, MIT, Stanford University, Columbia University, Pennsylvania State University, Seoul National University, and Riken. Their work stimulated development in nanomaterials, condensed matter physics, spintronics, two-dimensional semiconductors, van der Waals heterostructures, quantum Hall effect, electronic band structure, materials science, and flexible electronics.
The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awarded the 2018 physiology or medicine prize for discoveries in cancer therapy via immune modulation, recognizing scientists whose research involved T lymphocytes, immune checkpoints, and therapies employed at clinics associated with Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Mayo Clinic, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Heidelberg, Institut Gustave Roussy, Institut Pasteur, Weizmann Institute of Science, Karolinska Institutet, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, American Association for Cancer Research, and European Society for Medical Oncology. The laureates’ findings transformed treatment approaches such as checkpoint blockade therapy, impacting research into PD-1, CTLA-4, tumor immunology, monoclonal antibodies, adoptive cell transfer, CAR T-cell therapy, cancer vaccines, precision oncology, and clinical trials coordinated by European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer.
The 2018 literature prize recognized an author whose body of work engaged with global narratives and narrative forms, citing influences and institutions like the Swedish Academy, Nobel Prize Museum, Frankfurt Book Fair, PEN International, Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, Literary Review, The Paris Review, Granta, The New Yorker, Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press, HarperCollins, Penguin Random House, Faber and Faber, Knopf, Picador, Secker & Warburg, Éditions Gallimard, Svenska Akademien, Universität Leipzig, Columbia University, University of Oxford, and Yale University. The award prompted commentary involving figures such as Toni Morrison, Samuel Beckett, Gabriel García Márquez, Alice Munro, Haruki Murakami, Orhan Pamuk, Kazuo Ishiguro, Elena Ferrante, Chinua Achebe, J. M. Coetzee, and Mario Vargas Llosa.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded the 2018 peace prize to a leader and organization engaged in mediation and negotiations, referencing contexts involving United Nations, European Union, Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, African Union, NATO, OSCE, United States Department of State, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Norway), Helsinki Process, Dayton Agreement, Good Friday Agreement, Camp David Accords, Oslo Accords, Nobel Peace Center, International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, International Crisis Group, and Mediation Support Unit. The decision underscored processes related to conflict resolution, diplomacy, reconciliation, and regional integration affecting parties including North Macedonia, Greece, Kosovo, Serbia, Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Sudan, South Sudan, Colombia, Liberia, and Rwanda.
The 2018 economics prize, administered by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and funded by the Sveriges Riksbank, honored contributions to market design and auction theory with links to scholars and institutions such as Alvin E. Roth, Lloyd S. Shapley, Harvard University, Stanford University, University of Chicago, Princeton University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Yale University, Columbia University, London School of Economics, Cowles Foundation, National Bureau of Economic Research, Econometric Society, American Economic Association, Royal Economic Society, IZA Institute of Labor Economics, CEPR, Federal Communications Commission, European Commission, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, WTO, OECD, Federal Reserve System, and Bank of Sweden (Sveriges Riksbank). Their theoretical and applied work influenced allocation mechanisms for kidney exchange programs, school choice systems, spectrum auctions, matching theory, game theory, market equilibrium, mechanism design, matching markets, two-sided matching, and decentralized markets.