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| 2015 in international relations | |
|---|---|
| Year | 2015 |
2015 in international relations. The year 2015 witnessed intensified diplomacy and heightened confrontation as leaders met at summits while crises in Syria, Ukraine, Yemen and the South China Sea drove multilateral debates; major powers including United States, Russia, China, European Union, United Kingdom, France, Germany, and regional actors such as Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Israel played central roles in negotiations and interventions.
World leaders convened at the G7 summit in Schloss Elmau, the G20 summit in Antalya, and the United Nations General Assembly in New York City where delegations from United States, China, Russia, India, Brazil, Japan, Germany, France, and United Kingdom addressed crises in Syria, Ukraine crisis, and climate change; the Paris Agreement negotiations at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris culminated in an accord involving European Union, United States, China, India, and Brazil. High-profile bilateral meetings included summits between United States–China relations leaders, engagements between Russia–Turkey relations figures, and the historic rapprochement talks between Iran and the P5+1 group consisting of United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany. Mediation efforts by Pope Francis and visits by Barack Obama, Vladimir Putin, Xi Jinping, Angela Merkel, and Benjamin Netanyahu shaped negotiations on refugee flows, counterterrorism, and trade.
Active theaters saw intervention and proxy engagement in the Syrian civil war, with operations by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Syrian Arab Army, Free Syrian Army, United States Department of Defense, Russian Armed Forces, Turkish Armed Forces, and Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps; coalition air campaigns by the United States-led coalition against ISIL, strikes by Russian Air Force, and Turkish incursions complicated ceasefire initiatives brokered by United Nations envoys. In Yemen, the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen involving Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt confronted the Houthi movement and elements aligned with Ali Abdullah Saleh, while Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and Islamic State affiliates increased attacks. The War in Donbass continued between Ukraine forces and Russia-backed Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic militias despite efforts under the Minsk II agreement involving Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Maritime tensions rose in the South China Sea as People's Republic of China maritime claims confronted United States Navy freedom of navigation operations, regional coast guards, and claimants including Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Brunei.
The landmark Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action between Iran and the P5+1 led by United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany concluded a nuclear accord that restructured Atomic Energy Organization of Iran commitments and sanctions relief mechanisms. The Paris Agreement at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference secured nationally determined contributions from European Union, United States, China, India, and Brazil and set a framework under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Negotiations over the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership involved delegation exchanges between European Commission, United States Trade Representative, and member states such as Germany and France, while talks on the Trans-Pacific Partnership proceeded among United States, Japan, Australia, Canada, Mexico, and Chile. Efforts to revive the Middle East peace process saw shuttle diplomacy by envoys from Egypt, Jordan, United States, and European Union amid disputes involving Palestinian National Authority and Israel.
International sanctions tightened on Russia in response to the Crimea crisis and actions in Donbass with measures by United States, European Union, Canada, and Australia targeting individuals, Russian financial institutions, and sectors including energy and defense; Russia–EU relations and US–Russia relations were strained by asset freezes and travel bans. Sanctions relief mechanisms were linked to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action for Iran and overseen by International Atomic Energy Agency verification regimes, while United Nations Security Council resolutions authorized measures against Islamic State. Arms embargo debates involved United Nations discussions over Saudi-led intervention in Yemen and proposals by United Kingdom and France to regulate arms transfers under the Arms Trade Treaty. Responses to refugee flows prompted relocations and burden-sharing proposals from European Commission, Germany, Greece, Italy, and Hungary.
In Europe, the European migrant crisis reshaped politics in Germany, Hungary, Greece, and United Kingdom and influenced debates on Schengen Area controls and European Union asylum policy; the Greek government-debt crisis intersected with regional diplomacy involving European Central Bank, International Monetary Fund, Bundesbank, and Eurogroup. In Africa, interventions and negotiations addressed conflicts in Libya among factions including the Government of National Accord, House of Representatives (Libya), and General National Congress, while peace talks in South Sudan engaged African Union and Intergovernmental Authority on Development. In Asia-Pacific, the ASEAN summit and the East Asia Summit dealt with maritime disputes involving China, Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Australia.
The United Nations Security Council and United Nations General Assembly managed responses to Syria, Yemen, and Iraq with resolutions and humanitarian appeals led by United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and United Nations Children's Fund; the International Monetary Fund engaged with Greece, Ukraine, and developing states on financial assistance. The World Trade Organization oversaw disputes involving United States, China, European Union, and Canada, while World Health Organization coordinated cross-border health initiatives. Regional organizations including European Union, African Union, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and Organization of Islamic Cooperation played mediation and coordination roles in crises and diplomatic initiatives throughout the year.
Category:Years in international relations