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| 2014 Myanmar Census | |
|---|---|
| Name | 2014 Myanmar Census |
| Country | Myanmar |
| Conducted by | Ministry of Immigration and Population (Myanmar) |
| Date | 30 March–10 April 2014 |
| Population | 51,486,253 |
| Density | 76/km² |
| Previous census | 1983 census of Burma |
| Next census | 2024 Myanmar Census (planned) |
2014 Myanmar Census was the first nationwide population and housing enumeration in Myanmar since the 1983 census of Burma. The exercise produced a national population total of 51,486,253 and provided disaggregated data for Yangon Region, Mandalay Region, Rakhine State, Kachin State, Shan State, Kayah State, Kayin State, Sagaing Region, Magway Region, Tanintharyi Region and other subnational units. The operation involved national agencies and international partners including the United Nations Population Fund, United Nations Development Programme, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and technical advisers from Australia and Japan.
Planning for the enumeration followed decades of demographic data gaps after the 1983 census of Burma and interim surveys such as the 1990 Myanmar general election era population estimates and household surveys by United Nations agencies. Political reforms after 2010 and the 2011–2016 government of Thein Sein created a policy environment that enabled a comprehensive count, aligning with commitments under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and coordination with the Ministry of Immigration and Population (Myanmar). Historical precedents included population operations in the British Raj period and post‑independence censuses; the 2014 operation sought compatibility with standards promoted by United Nations Statistics Division and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.
Design work incorporated sampling frameworks and questionnaires developed by the Department of Population (Myanmar), with technical support from United Nations Population Fund and statistical expertise from the United Nations Statistics Division. The methodology combined complete enumeration with post‑enumeration surveys similar to approaches used by India in its decennial censuses and by the Philippines in intercensal processes. Geographic referencing used maps from the Survey Department of Myanmar and administrative boundaries recognized by President's Office (Myanmar). Questionnaire modules covered household roster, fertility, mortality, migration and education indicators adapted from Demographic and Health Survey instruments and the International Classification of Diseases for mortality coding principles.
Field operations mobilized tens of thousands of enumerators drawn from township authorities, technical staff trained by teams from UNFPA and the World Bank, and logistical support from the Ministry of Home Affairs (Myanmar). Enumeration periods ran across urban centers like Yangon, Mandalay, Naypyidaw, as well as remote townships in Chin State and Kayin State. Security coordination involved the Tatmadaw and local administrative offices, while community outreach engaged civil society organizations such as Metta Development Foundation and ethnic networks including the Karen National Union and Kachin Independence Organisation where access permitted. Data capture used paper schedules with later digitization supervised by teams from Asian Development Bank partner consultants and academic advisers from National University of Singapore and University of Tokyo.
The official headline total was 51,486,253 with urbanisation concentrated in Yangon, Mandalay, and Naypyidaw metropolitan areas. The census produced age‑sex distributions showing youthful population structure similar to patterns in India, Bangladesh, and Indonesia. Ethnic composition tables referenced groups such as the Bamar people, Shan people, Rakhine people, Karen people, Kachin people, Mon people, Chin people, and Rohingya people—though classification and reporting of some groups drew special attention. Fertility rates, household size averages, literacy and schooling indicators referenced frameworks used by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the International Labour Organization for comparability. Subnational differentials highlighted disparities in indicators across Rakhine State, Kachin State, Shan State, and coastal Tanintharyi Region.
Contentious issues included citizenship and ethnic classification, particularly the enumeration and designation of the Rohingya people and other disputed communities, which intersected with policies under the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar and laws administered by the Ministry of Immigration and Population (Myanmar). Critics from Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and advocacy groups including Fortify Rights argued that exclusionary definitions affected coverage. Technical critiques from scholars at London School of Economics, Australian National University, Harvard University and SOAS University of London raised questions about sampling, non‑response bias, displacement‑affected areas such as in Kachin conflict and Rohingya conflict in Rakhine State, and enumerator safety in zones under the influence of armed groups like the United Wa State Army and ethnic armed organisations. International agencies debated data release protocols with the Government of Myanmar and data confidentiality safeguards consistent with UN Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics.
Census outputs informed national planning by the Ministry of Planning and Finance (Myanmar), electoral redistricting considerations involving the Union Election Commission (Myanmar), humanitarian response planning by United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and service delivery strategies of bilateral donors including United States Agency for International Development, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia), and Japan International Cooperation Agency. Academics used datasets for demographic research at institutions such as University of Oxford, Columbia University, Stanford University, and National University of Singapore. Provincial development plans in Sagaing Region, Magway Region, and Bago Region drew on subnational tables, while international lenders like the World Bank and Asian Development Bank used population baselines in poverty and infrastructure modelling.
Technical and financial cooperation came from United Nations Population Fund, United Nations Development Programme, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, United Nations Children's Fund, and bilateral partners including Japan and Australia. Capacity‑building initiatives involved training delivered by experts from United Nations Statistics Division, statisticians from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, and demographers linked to the International Institute for Population Sciences. Multilateral donor coordination referenced mechanisms used in other national censuses supported by the Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Category:Censuses in Myanmar Category:2014 censuses