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| 2013 in Egypt | |
|---|---|
| Year | 2013 |
| Country | Egypt |
2013 in Egypt.
Mohamed Morsi, a leading figure of the Muslim Brotherhood, served as President until his removal by Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, a former commander of the Egyptian Army, following a political crisis involving the Freedom and Justice Party and mass protests tied to the Tamarod movement. Adly Mansour, head of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt, assumed the interim presidency as part of a roadmap that involved the Egyptian Armed Forces, the Ministry of Interior, and the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. The Cabinet included Prime Ministers Hisham Qandil and later Hesham Kandil's successor technocrats and appointees associated with the interim administration, overseen by figures from the National Salvation Front and the Al-Azhar University establishment.
The year was dominated by the mass protests of 30 June, organized by Tamarod and backed by opposition alliances such as the National Coalition for Supporting Legitimacy and the National Salvation Front (Egypt), leading to a military intervention ordered by Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and executed by the Egyptian Armed Forces and the Egyptian Air Force. The ouster of Mohamed Morsi precipitated clashes between supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood and security forces from the Ministry of Interior, culminating in deadly confrontations at sit-ins near the Republican Guard headquarters and at the Rabaa al-Adawiya Mosque and Nahda Square, sites associated with pro-Morsi encampments. Subsequent actions included raids and dispersals that involved the Central Security Forces and were criticized by international actors such as the United Nations and the United States Department of State. The interim government, backed by the Egyptian Armed Forces, announced a roadmap with a timetable for a constitutional referendum and parliamentary elections involving the Constitutional Court of Egypt and the High Electoral Commission.
Political realignment included the dissolution of the People's Assembly and the suspension of the 2012 constitution pending amendment by a constituent process involving jurists from the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt and input from political parties such as the Freedom and Justice Party, Al-Nour Party, and the Egyptian Social Democratic Party. Pro-Morsi demonstrations led by the Muslim Brotherhood and counter-demonstrations by coalitions like the National Coalition for Supporting Legitimacy and the Tamarod campaign escalated into street clashes involving the Central Security Forces and units of the Egyptian Armed Forces. The political crisis prompted diplomatic engagement from the European Union, the Arab League, and regional states including Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Qatar, each advancing differing positions on legitimacy, mediation, and assistance. Arrests and prosecutions of Brotherhood leaders and members involved institutions such as the Public Prosecution and led to high-profile trials in courts including the Cairo Criminal Court.
Economic strains saw the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank of Egypt manage currency pressures, declining foreign reserves, and disruptions to tourism tied to instability affecting attractions like the Pyramids of Giza and the Egyptian Museum. The tourism downturn impacted businesses associated with the Red Sea Governorate and the Sharm el-Sheikh resort, while negotiations with the International Monetary Fund and bilateral partners such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates addressed liquidity and budget shortfalls. Energy infrastructure faced protests and outages in regions supplied by the Egyptian Electricity Holding Company and pipelines connected to agreements with Suez Canal transit revenues and export arrangements involving neighboring states. Investment climates influenced projects by sovereign-linked entities such as the National Bank of Egypt and private firms operating in the Cairo metropolitan area.
Cultural life, centered on institutions like the Cairo Opera House, the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, and major universities such as Cairo University and Al-Azhar University, continued amid security concerns that affected festivals and museum exhibitions, including collections at the Egyptian Museum. Religious institutions including Al-Azhar University and prominent Coptic centers such as the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria engaged in commentary on sectarian tensions and social stability. Media outlets including Al Jazeera, Al Arabiya, and state broadcasters reported extensively on events; journalists and organizations like Reporters Without Borders raised concerns about press freedom and detention of personnel. Human rights groups such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International documented arrests, dispersals, and trials involving activists associated with the April 6 Youth Movement and other civic organizations.
Egyptian sport featured domestic seasons for clubs like Al Ahly SC, Zamalek SC, and competitions organized by the Egyptian Premier League and the Egyptian Football Association, amid disruptions to fixtures due to security measures. National teams including the Egypt national football team and athletes competing under the Egyptian Olympic Committee continued preparations for regional tournaments and continental qualifiers, while venues in Cairo and the Alexandria Governorate hosted domestic and regional matches.
Notable deaths included public figures from politics, arts, and academia, encompassing leaders linked to institutions such as Al-Azhar University, cultural figures associated with the Cairo Opera House, and academics from Cairo University and the American University in Cairo. The year also saw the births of children to private citizens and public personalities across Egypt's governorates, with records maintained by civil registration authorities including the Ministry of Interior.
Category:Years of the 21st century in Egypt