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| 1999 in science | |
|---|---|
| Year | 1999 |
1999 in science
1999 saw developments across astronomy, biology, physics, chemistry, medicine, computer science, and engineering, with advances by institutions and individuals shaping research agendas at National Aeronautics and Space Administration, European Space Agency, CERN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Stanford University. Milestones involved collaborations among Royal Society, National Institutes of Health, Max Planck Society, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Harvard University, while prizes from Nobel Prize, Turing Award, Lasker Award, and Fields Medal highlighted influential work.
Astronomy and space science: The Hubble Space Telescope teams at Space Telescope Science Institute produced deep-field imaging results used by European Southern Observatory and researchers at California Institute of Technology and Princeton University; missions by Cassini–Huygens partners and Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous operations involved planning at Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Planetary radar studies by Arecibo Observatory and observations at Mauna Kea Observatories informed surveys coordinated with International Astronomical Union committees.
Biology and medicine: Clinical trials overseen by World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention intersected with genomic analyses led by teams at Wellcome Trust, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; collaborations with National Human Genome Research Institute and Sanger Centre advanced sequencing priorities for projects at University of Cambridge and University of Oxford.
Physics and chemistry: Experiments at CERN and Fermilab influenced particle physics agendas with participation by Brookhaven National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; material science initiatives at IBM Research, General Electric, and Toyota Research Institute aligned with theoretical work from Institute for Advanced Study and Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Computer science and technology: Development of internet infrastructure involved standards bodies such as Internet Engineering Task Force and World Wide Web Consortium with contributions from Microsoft Research, Bell Labs, and Apple Inc.; cryptography and security research engaged teams at RSA Security, Stanford University, and Carnegie Mellon University.
Environmental science and Earth observation: Programs by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and United Nations Environment Programme used data from Landsat and TOPEX/Poseidon satellites, with analyses by Scripps Institution of Oceanography and University of Washington.
Astronomy: Observations of distant supernovae reported by teams including members from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics contributed to discussions at Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics and Caltech about cosmological parameters alongside work at University of Chicago and Princeton University.
Genetics and molecular biology: Data releases from Human Genome Project collaborators at Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, National Human Genome Research Institute, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory accelerated studies at MIT, Yale University, and University of California, Berkeley and informed projects at Broad Institute and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Medicine: Clinical trial outcomes published by groups associated with Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Cleveland Clinic guided therapeutic strategies adopted by National Institutes of Health and influenced policy reviews at World Health Organization and European Medicines Agency.
Physics: Results from detectors at CERN and Fermilab updated models refined by theorists at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Imperial College London, and Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics.
Computer science: Advances in peer-to-peer networking and distributed systems by researchers at University of California, Irvine, Duke University, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology informed deployments by Sun Microsystems and Google research teams.
Spacecraft and observatories: Launches and mission milestones coordinated by NASA, ESA, and partners at Ames Research Center and Marshall Space Flight Center supported instrumentation from Ball Aerospace and Northrop Grumman; observatory upgrades at Keck Observatory involved engineering teams from University of California and California Institute of Technology.
Biotech and pharmaceuticals: Manufacturing and regulatory filings by companies such as Pfizer, Merck, Roche, and GlaxoSmithKline followed protocols advised by Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency and incorporated techniques developed at Biogen and Amgen.
Computing and communications: Deployments of high-performance clusters at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory used processors designed by Intel and AMD while networking upgrades of backbone infrastructure engaged Sprint, AT&T, and Verizon.
Materials and engineering: Work on nanomaterials and thin-film technologies at IBM Research, Bell Labs, and Hitachi supported industrial collaborations with Toyota Motor Corporation and General Motors.
Major prizes recognized contributions from researchers affiliated with Harvard University, Stanford University, Max Planck Society, Cambridge University, and University of Oxford; laureates received accolades from Nobel Foundation, Royal Society, Lasker Foundation, Turing Award Committee, and Fields Medal Committee. National academies including National Academy of Sciences and Royal Society honored fellows connected to MIT, ETH Zurich, Columbia University, and University of Tokyo.
Deaths: The global scientific community mourned senior figures associated with Nobel Prize, Royal Society, Max Planck Society, CERN, and prestigious universities such as Princeton University, University of Cambridge, Harvard University, University of California, Berkeley, and Yale University. Obituaries and memorials were issued by institutions including American Physical Society, American Chemical Society, and Academia Europaea.
Births: New generations of future researchers entered communities around institutions such as Stanford University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, and Tsinghua University, with emerging students enrolling at National University of Singapore and Peking University.
Funding and organization: Policy shifts at National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, European Commission, and Wellcome Trust reshaped grant frameworks influencing projects at Imperial College London, University College London, ETH Zurich, and Karolinska Institute. Strategic plans from CERN and ESA directed facility upgrades and collaborations with NASA and national laboratories including Brookhaven National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Regulation and ethics: Committees convened by World Health Organization, European Medicines Agency, and national regulators addressed guidelines impacting research at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, and The Rockefeller University.
Category:Years in science