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| 1745 Rising | |
|---|---|
| Conflict | Jacobite rising of 1745 |
| Partof | Jacobite risings |
| Date | 1745–1746 |
| Place | Scotland, England |
| Result | Government victory; suppression of Jacobitism |
| Combatant1 | Kingdom of Great Britain |
| Combatant2 | Jacobitism |
| Commander1 | King George II; William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland; Henry Hawley; John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun |
| Commander2 | Charles Edward Stuart; John O'Sullivan; Lord George Murray; Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat |
1745 Rising The 1745 Jacobite rising was a major attempt by supporters of the House of Stuart to restore the Stuart restoration to the thrones claimed by the dynasty, led by Charles Edward Stuart. It involved key figures from the British Isles, engagements across the Scottish Highlands, incursions into England, and decisive confrontations culminating in a government victory that reshaped British and Scottish political life. The rising intersected with contemporary events including the War of the Austrian Succession, the Jacobite risings, and European diplomatic maneuvers.
The rising emerged from longstanding disputes between the House of Stuart and the House of Hanover, following the Glorious Revolution and the Act of Settlement 1701. Tensions involved rival claimants such as James Francis Edward Stuart and his son Charles Edward Stuart, the latter seeking backing from continental powers including Louis XV of France and elements of the French Navy. Support drew on Highland clans such as the Clan MacDonald, Clan MacKintosh, Clan Cameron, and Clan MacGregor, and involved exiles in Rome linked to the Jacobite court. Political context included reactions to policies by ministers like Robert Walpole and peers such as John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll and William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath. International diplomacy featured the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle environment, the role of the Dutch Republic, and the strategic calculation of Philip V of Spain.
Landing in Eriskay and moving to Glenfinnan, the invasion was led by Charles Edward Stuart, often called "Bonnie Prince Charlie", supported by advisers such as John O'Sullivan and military leaders like Lord George Murray. Early recruitment leveraged clan networks including Clan MacLeod and Clan MacDonald of Clanranald. Key meetings involved Highland chiefs, Lowland sympathizers including figures associated with Edinburgh, and expatriate Jacobites from France and Ireland. Leadership tensions appeared between Charles Edward Stuart and commanders including Lord George Murray and political operators like Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat. The Jacobite court in Riom and connections to the Papacy influenced legitimacy debates, while intelligence and espionage involved agents connected to Habsburg interests and the Kingdom of Prussia.
Rapid victories at engagements like the capture of Fort William and the taking of Inverness contrasted with the later defeat at decisive battles. The Jacobite forces advanced into England, reaching Derby before retreat under pressure from Duke of Cumberland’s forces and concerns about French support. Major clashes included the Battle of Prestonpans, where commanders such as John Cope were routed, and the catastrophic Battle of Culloden where government troops under William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland crushed Jacobite hopes. Other notable actions involved sieges and skirmishes near Fort Augustus, operations around Aberdeen, and cavalry actions linked to officers like Henry Hawley. Logistics and Highland guerilla tactics intersected with regular formations modeled after continental armies such as those of the French Royal Army and advice from émigré officers tied to the Jacobite exile community.
The Kingdom of Great Britain mobilized regulars under commanders including George Wade’s legacy of roads and fortifications, while political leadership from Prime Minister Henry Pelham and ministers drew on parliamentary support from figures like William Pitt the Elder and peers such as John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute. Government strategy combined military force, legal measures such as the Act of Proscription aftermath and legal instruments aimed at Highland disarmament, and targeted prosecutions in courts including the Tower of London. Notable prosecutions and executions affected leaders and participants, with trials held in locations like London and Edinburgh and punishments carried out at sites including Kennington Common. Naval operations involved ships of the Royal Navy intercepting French aid and transport from ports including Rochefort and Brest.
The crushing defeat at Culloden led to harsh reprisals, transportation of prisoners to colonies such as Jamaica and Virginia, and legal reforms altering landholding and clan structures in the Highlands. The government enacted measures that remade Highland society, affecting chiefs like Donald Cameron of Lochiel and altering cultural practices including the wearing of tartans associated with clans like Clan MacDonald and Clan Fraser. The rising influenced later political careers, imperial strategies in the British Empire, and military figures like John Burgoyne and James Wolfe. Economic and demographic consequences touched on migration to colonies including Nova Scotia and Quebec and on the trajectories of families connected to the Jacobite diaspora.
Cultural memory of the rising shaped literature and arts, inspiring works by authors and poets linked to the Scottish Enlightenment such as Robert Burns and influencing novels by Sir Walter Scott and composers referencing Highland themes. Monuments and commemorations appeared at sites including Culloden Moor and Glenfinnan Monument, while artifacts entered collections at institutions like the National Museum of Scotland and British Museum. The event influenced historiography debated by scholars at universities such as University of Edinburgh and University of St Andrews, and remains a subject in film and television produced in Glasgow and London. The rising's legacy also informed political movements in Ireland and conversations in Westminster about identity, law, and the integration of the Scottish Highlands into the United Kingdom.
Category:Jacobite risings Category:History of Scotland Category:18th century in Great Britain